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58 results for “flyways”
Data from: Drivers of spatiotemporal variation in survival in a flyway population: a multi-colony study
<p>1. Spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics of migratory populations is shaped by exposure to different environments during the annual cycle. Hence, exposure to similar environments should translate into synchrony in vital rates. Despite a wide-ranging breeding population, the Baltic/Wadden Sea flyway population of eiders (<i>Somateria m. mollissima</i>) shares wintering grounds in the southern Baltic Sea, inner Danish waters and the Wadden Sea; different colonies within this flyway population are therefore likely to exhibit some degree of synchrony in vital rates.</p> <p>2. Here we used capture-recapture-recovery data to investigate the impact of hunting, winter climate (the North-Atlantic Oscillation Index), winter temperature, nitrogen runoff, autumn-winter body condition of blue mussels <i>Mytilus </i>spp., natural predation and epidemic disease (avian cholera) on annual survival of adult females in ten study colonies distributed between the Netherlands and Finland. Moreover, we tested how the degree of similarity in spatial winter distributions affected the degree of similarity in annual survival among colonies.</p> <p>3. None of the covariates universally affected female survival. While the quality of blue mussels in the wintering area explained almost 40 % of the variation in survival of eiders breeding on Christiansø in the south-western Baltic Sea, incidence of epidemic disease explained > 60 % in two affected colonies. Furthermore, the spatial winter distribution did not appreciably influence annual survival rates in these ten colonies.</p> <p>4. The lack of universal effects of spatial winter distribution and winter conditions on survival suggests that local breeding conditions may be more important, and hence prime targets for conservation efforts. Better monitoring of e.g. food quality, predation pressure and epidemic disease at the time of breeding could be the key to better understand the population dynamics in this endangered flyway population.</p>
Data from: Identification of migratory bird flyways in North America using community detection on biological networks
Migratory behavior of waterfowl populations in North America has traditionally been broadly characterized by four north-south flyways, and these flyways have been central to the management of waterfowl populations for more than 80 years. However, previous flyway characterizations are not easily updated with current bird movement data and fail to provide assessments of the importance of specific geographical regions to the identification of flyways. Here, we developed a network model of migratory movement for four waterfowl species —mallard (Anas platyrhnchos), northern pintail (A. acuta), American green-winged teal (A. carolinensis), and Canada goose (Branta canadensis) — in North America using bird band and recovery data. We then identified migratory flyways using a community detection algorithm and characterize the importance of smaller geographic regions in identifying flyways using a novel metric, the consolidation factor. We identified four main flyways for mallards, northern pintails, and American green-winged teal with the flyway identification in Canada geese exhibiting higher complexity. For mallards, flyways were relatively consistent through time. However, consolidation factors revealed that for mallards and green-winged teal the presumptive Mississippi flyway was potentially a zone of high mixing between other flyways. Our results demonstrate that the network approach provides a robust method for flyway identification that is widely applicable given the relatively minimal data requirements and is easily updated with future movement data to reflect changes in flyway definitions and management goals.
Data from: Simultaneous declines in summer survival of three shorebird species signals a flyway at risk
There is increasing concern about the world's animal migrations. With many land-use and climatological changes occurring simultaneously, pinning down the causes of large-scale conservation problems requires sophisticated and data-intensive approaches. Declining shorebird numbers along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, in combination with data on habitat loss along the Yellow Sea (where these birds refuel during long-distance migrations), indicate a flyway under threat. If habitat loss at staging areas indeed leads to flyway-wide bird losses, we would predict that: (i) decreases in survival only occur during the season that birds use the Yellow Sea, and (ii) decreases in survival occur in migrants that share a reliance on the vanishing intertidal flats along the Yellow Sea, even if ecologically distinct and using different breeding grounds. Monitored from 2006–2013, we analysed seasonal apparent survival patterns of three shorebird species with non-overlapping Arctic breeding areas and considerable differences in foraging ecology, but a shared use of both north-west Australian non-breeding grounds and the Yellow Sea coasts to refuel during northward and southward migrations (red knot Calidris canutus piersmai, great knot Calidris tenuirostris, bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica menzbieri). Distinguishing two three-month non-breeding periods and a six-month migration and breeding period, and analysing survival of the three species and the three seasons in a single model, we statistically evaluated differences at both the species and season levels. Whereas apparent survival remained high in north-west Australia, during the time away from the non-breeding grounds survival in all three species began to decline in 2011, having lost 20 percentage points by 2012. By 2012 annual apparent survival had become as low as 0.71 in bar-tailed godwits, 0.68 in great knots and 0.67 in red knots. In a separate analysis for red knots, no mortality occurred during the migration from Australia to China. In the summers of low summer survival, weather conditions were benign in the Arctic breeding areas. We argue that rapid seashore habitat loss in the Yellow Sea is the most likely explanation of reduced summer survival, with dire (but uncertain) forecasts for the future of these flyway populations. This interpretation is consistent with recent findings of declining shorebird numbers at seemingly intact southern non-breeding sites. Policy implications. Due to established economic interests, governments are usually reluctant to act for conservation, unless unambiguous evidence for particular cause–effect chains is apparent. This study adds to an increasing body of evidence that habitat loss along the Yellow Sea shores explains the widespread declines in shorebird numbers along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway and threatens the long-term prospects of several long-distance migrating species. To halt further losses, the clearance of coastal intertidal habitat must stop now.
Data from: Long-term changes in the seasonal timing of landbird migration on the Pacific Flyway
The seasonal phenology of latitudinal movements is one of the key life-history traits of migratory birds. We used quantile regression to examine long-term changes in the timing of spring and autumn migration in 5 species of migratory passerine birds captured at a banding station in northern California, USA, over a 22 yr period from 1987 to 2008. Our 5 study species included 3 short-distance migrants, Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis), Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata), and Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla); and 2 long-distance migrants, Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) and Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia). Median timing of migration advanced in spring for 2 of the 5 species (−2.5 days decade−1) but was delayed during autumn migration for 3 of the species (+2.9 days decade−1). The duration of the migration period also became compressed in some species but more protracted in others. We tested whether annual variation in migration timing was related to 3 indices of regional climatic conditions: the Pacific–North American index, multivariate El Niño–Southern Oscillation index, and North Atlantic Oscillation index. Climate indices explained relatively little of the variation in migration timing (r2 < 0.35), but advances in spring migration and delays in autumn migration were associated with warm, wet conditions during positive phases of the climate indices. The strongest effects of climatic conditions on migration timing were found among short-distance migrants, with the largest changes in timing due to variation in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific–North American indices. Linkages between the timing of movements and climatic conditions indicate that passerine birds on the Pacific coast exhibit phenotypic plasticity in their migration timing, but future studies based on experimental methods are needed to test alternative ecological mechanisms.
Data from: Soaring across continents: decision-making of a soaring migrant under changing atmospheric conditions along an entire flyway
(1) Thermal soaring birds reduce flight-energy costs by alternatingly gaining altitude in thermals and gliding across the earth's surface. To find out how soaring migrants adjust their flight behaviour to dynamic atmospheric conditions across entire migration routes, we combined optimal soaring migration theory with high-resolution GPS tracking data of migrating Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus and wind data from a global numerical atmospheric model. (2) We compared measurements of gliding air speeds to predictions based on two distinct behavioural benchmarks for thermal soaring flight. The first being a time-optimal strategy whereby birds alter their gliding air speeds as a function of climb rates to maximize cross-country air speed over a full climb-glide cycle (Vopt). The second a risk-averse energy-efficient strategy at which birds alter their gliding air speed in response to tailwinds/headwinds to maximize the distance travelled in the intended direction during each glide phase (Vbgw). (3) Honey Buzzards were gliding on average 2.05 ms-1 slower than Vopt and 3.42 ms-1 faster than Vbgw while they increased air speeds with climb rates and reduced air speeds in tailwinds. They adopted flexible flight strategies gliding mostly near Vbgw under poor soaring conditions and closer to Vopt in good soaring conditions. (4) Honey Buzzards most adopted a time-optimal strategy when crossing the Sahara, and at the onset of spring migration, where and when they met with the best soaring conditions. The buzzards nevertheless glided slower than Vopt during most of their journeys, probably taking time to navigate, orientate and locate suitable thermals, especially in areas with poor thermal convection. (5) Linking novel tracking techniques with optimal migration models clarifies the way birds balance different trade-offs during migration.
FIGURES 1–3. Haematotrephus limnodromi n in Haematotrephus limnodromi n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) from the Longbilled dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (Scolopacidae) from the central flyway of North America
FIGURES 1–3. Haematotrephus limnodromi n. sp. from the longbilled dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus. 1. Ventral view of adult. 2. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 3. Composite drawing of female genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: O, oötype; OV, Ovary; S, uterine seminal receptacle; U, uterus; V, Seminal vesicle. Scale bars: 1, 3,100 µm; 2, 630 µm; 3, 510 µm.
Data for "Simulating and analysing seabird flyways: an approach combining least-cost path modelling and machine learning"
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Complex post-breeding moult strategies in a songbird migrating along the East Asian flyway, the Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler Locustella certhiola
<p>Moult strategies have received relatively little attention in current ornithology, and knowledge concerning the evolution, variability, and extent of moult is sparse in many bird species. This is especially true for East Asian <em>Locustella</em> species where assumptions on moult patterns are based on incomplete information. We provide evidence indicating a complex post-breeding moult strategy and variable moult extent among Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler <em>Locustella certhiola</em>, based on data from six ringing sites situated along its flyway from the breeding grounds to the wintering areas. A detailed study revealed for the first time that in most individuals wing feather moult proceeds from the centre both towards the body and the wing-tip, a moult pattern known as partial divergent moult (which is rare among Palaearctic passerines). In the Russian Far East, where both breeding birds and passage migrants occur, a third of the adult birds were moulting in late summer. In Central Siberia, at the northwestern limit of its distribution, adult individuals commenced their primary moult partly divergently and partly with unknown sequence. During migration in Mongolia, only descendantly (i.e. from the body towards the wing-tip) moulting birds were observed, while further south in Korea, Hong Kong and Thailand the proportion of potential eccentric and divergent feather renewal was not identifiable since the renewed feathers were already fully grown as expected. We found an increase in the mean number of moulted primaries during the progress of the autumn migration. Moderate body mass levels and low fat and muscle scores were observed in moulting adult birds, without any remarkable increase in the later season. According to optimality models, we suggest that an extremely short season of high food abundance in tall grass habitats and a largely overland route allow autumn migration with low fuel loads combined with moult-migration in at least a part of the population. This study highlights the importance of further studying moult strategy as well as stopover behaviour decisions and the trade-offs among migratory birds that are now facing a panoply of anthropogenic threats along their flyways.</p>
Bird migration in space and time: chain migration by Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata arquata) along the East Atlantic Flyway
<p>Migration patterns in birds vary in space and time. Spatial patterns include chain, leap frog, and telescopic migration. Temporal patterns such as migration duration, number and duration of stopovers may vary according to breeding latitude, sex and season. This study aimed to verify these patterns in a long-distance migrant, the Eurasian curlew (<em>Numenius arquata arquata</em>), and to provide a synopsis of spatio-temporal migration patterns in this species of concern throughout the East Atlantic Flyway. We tagged 85 adults with GPS-data loggers in Germany, Poland, France, and Estonia between 2013 and 2019. We computed the distance flown, linear loxodromic distance, duration, stopover number, total stopover duration, mean stopover duration, departure time, and arrival time for 177 out of 187 tracks. On average (± standard deviation), spring migration occurred from April 4–14 (10.2 ± 8.4 days), curlews flew 3,623 ± 1,366 km, and had 5.8 ± 3.6 stopovers, with a duration of 29.4 ± 38.2 h per stopover, while autumn migration occurred from June 18–29 (10.9 ± 9.9 days), curlews flew 3,362 ± 1,351 km, and had 5.4 ± 4.0 stopovers, with 31.8 ± 32.3 h per stopover. Curlews displayed chain migration, because wintering curlews maintained the latitudinal sequence to their breeding sites. Southern curlews had a longer nesting period due to their earlier arrivals. While spring arrival at breeding sites did not differ between the sexes, in autumn females departed earlier than males. Migration duration and distance, as well as stopover number and duration showed a significant increase with breeding site latitude but did not differ between the sexes or between spring and autumn migrations, suggesting that curlews took a comparable amount of time migrating during both seasons. The high site faithfulness in curlews suggests that rapid autumn migration allows them to return to defend their winter foraging areas.</p>
Data from: Bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in its native American range
Since Darwin's time, waterbirds have been considered an important vector for the dispersal of continental aquatic invertebrates. Bird movements have facilitated the worldwide invasion of the American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, transporting cysts (diapausing eggs), and favouring rapid range expansions from introduction sites. Here we address the impact of bird migratory flyways on the population genetic structure and phylogeography of A. franciscana in its native range in the Americas. We examined the sequence variation for two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S for a subset of the data) in a large set of population samples representing the entire native range of A. franciscana. Furthermore, we performed Mantel tests and redundancy analyses (RDA) to test the role of flyways, geography and human introductions on the phylogeography and population genetic structure at a continental scale. A. franciscana mitochondrial DNA was very diverse, with two main clades, largely corresponding to Pacific and Atlantic populations, mirroring American bird flyways. There was a high degree of regional endemism, with populations subdivided into at least 12 divergent, geographically restricted and largely allopatric mitochondrial lineages, and high levels of population structure ( Φ ST of 0.92), indicating low ongoing gene flow. We found evidence of human-mediated introductions in nine out of 39 populations analysed. Once these populations were removed, Mantel tests revealed a strong association between genetic variation and geographic distance (i.e., isolation-by-distance pattern). RDA showed that shared bird flyways explained around 20% of the variance in genetic distance between populations and this was highly significant, once geographic distance was controlled for. The variance explained increased to 30% when the factor human introduction was included in the model. Our findings suggest that bird-mediated transport of brine shrimp propagules does not result in substantial ongoing gene flow; instead, it had a significant historical role on the current species phylogeography, facilitating the colonisation of new aquatic environments as they become available along their main migratory flyways.
Data from: Is population structure in the European white stork determined by flyway permeability rather than translocation history?
European white stork are long considered to diverge to eastern and western migration pools as a result of independent overwintering flyways. In relatively recent times, the western and northern distribution has been subject to dramatic population declines and country-specific extirpations. A number of independent reintroduction programs were started in the mid 1950s to bring storks back to historical ranges. Founder individuals were sourced opportunistically from the Eastern and Western European distributions and Algeria, leading to significant artificial mixing between eastern and western flyways. Here we use mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA to test the contention that prior to translocation, eastern and western flyways were genetically distinct. The data show a surprising lack of structure at any spatial or temporal scale suggesting that even though birds were moved between flyways, there is evidence of natural mixing prior to the onset of translocation activities. Overall a high retention of genetic diversity, high Nef, and an apparent absence of recent genetic bottleneck associated with early 20th century declines suggest that the species is well equipped to respond to future environmental pressures.
Data from: Tracking migration of black-headed buntings Emberiza melanocephala reveals the Iranian Plateau as an ecological barrier along the Indo-European flyway
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The black-headed bunting is one of the few species that migrate along the Indo- European flyway, and its migration routes and phenology are poorly understood. We provide the first individual-based year-round tracking study describing route choice and timing of black-headed buntings migrating from a breeding site in Croatia to a 6000 km distant non-breeding region in Maharashtra, Central India. To evaluate landscapes important for the black-headed bunting migration, we quantified land covers and climates along the migration corridor. Stopover areas during the post-breeding migration were concentrated in four distinct regions: the Balkan Peninsula, central Anatolia, along with the Zagros Mountain range and from the Indus River delta to the Kathiawar Peninsula. Post-breeding migration routes followed the shortest path connecting breeding and non-breeding sites, except for the initial detour from the breeding sites to the first stopovers at the Balkan Peninsula. The pre-breeding migration routes occur along the Arabian Peninsula, about 1000 km south of the post-breeding routes – creating a clockwise loop migration pattern. Post-breeding migration lasted about two months, whereas pre-breeding migration was almost two times shorter, conforming to energy- and time-minimisation strategies, respectively. During the postbreeding migration, birds seem to track ecological niches found on their breeding grounds. Post-breeding stopover areas were rich in mosaic lands and were in warm and dry climates of Mediterranean character, while forests and bare areas, as well as arid and humid climates, were avoided.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Migration tendency delays distributional response to differential survival prospects along a flyway
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Data from: Linking the wintering and breeding grounds of warblers along the Pacific Flyway
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Data from: Bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in its native American range
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Data from: Drivers of spatiotemporal variation in survival in a flyway population: a multi-colony study
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Urban flyways survey on bat commuting along movement corridors
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Data from: Soaring across continents: decision-making of a soaring migrant under changing atmospheric conditions along an entire flyway
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Data from: Filling knowledge gaps in a threatened shorebird flyway through satellite tracking
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Data from: Is population structure in the European white stork determined by flyway permeability rather than translocation history?
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