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Figure 3 in Catalogue of Cuban fossil and subfossil birds
Figure 3. Caverna de Pío Domingo (PPD), Minas de Matahambre, western Cuba. Type locality of †Nesotrochis picapicensis (Fischer & Stephan), †Antigone cubensis (Fischer & Stephan) and †Ornimegalonyx oteroi Arredondo.
Figure 2 in Catalogue of Cuban fossil and subfossil birds
Figure 2. Cueva de los Indios (SCI), Santiago de Cuba, eastern Cuba. Type locality of †Siphonorhis daiquiri Olson.
Figure 9. A in Catalogue of Cuban fossil and subfossil birds
Figure 9. A 'mine' in the vicinity of Baire (SMB), Contramaestre, eastern Cuba. Type locality of †Ornimegalonyx ewingi Suárez. Note the star covers Baire and environs, but the precise location of the deposit is currently unknown.
FIGURE 6 in New fossil birds from the earliest Eocene of Mongolia
FIGURE 6. Photographs and interpretive line drawings of the Mongolian left distal humerus, IGM 100/1360, in A, B, cranial; and D, E, caudal views, and the left distal humerus of Sora Rail Porzana carolina (TMM M-10382) (Rallidae) in C, cranial; and F, caudal views. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal condyle; dst, dorsal supracondylar tubercle; fp, flexor process; ii, intercondylar incisure; fmb, fossa for the m. brachialis; of, olecranon fossa; sh, sulcus for the m. humerotricipitalis; ss, sulcus for the m. scapulotricipitalis; vc, ventral condyle; vst, ventral supracondylar tubercle. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 5 in New fossil birds from the earliest Eocene of Mongolia
FIGURE 5. Comparison of the omal ends of the coracoids of Pangalliformes, including the new fossil, IGM 100/1371, in A, ventral; and B, dorsal views; line drawings of C, Quercymegapodius depereti (USTL SNB 700) (Quercymegapodiidae); and D, Paraortyx lorteti (USTL MGB 1547) (Paraortygidae), in dorsal view, based on photographs in Mourer-Chauviré (1992). Abbreviations: ap, acrocoracoid process; caf, clavicular articular face; g, glenoid facet; p, procoracoid; sc, scapular cotyla. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 4 in New fossil birds from the earliest Eocene of Mongolia
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the left quadrates of Pan-Mirandornithes, including digital rendering from CT data and line drawings of the proposed Mongolian pan-mirandornithine, IGM 100/1418, in A, B, lateral; F, G, medial; K, L, caudal; and P, Q, ventral views; Chilean Flamingo Phoenocopterus chilensis (TMM M-5325) in C, lateral; H, medial; M, caudal; and R, ventral views; Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis (TMM M-1394) in D, lateral; I, medial: N, caudal; and S, ventral views; and line drawings of Palaelodus ambiguus (GPIM Op 395) based on photographs in Mayr (2015) in E, lateral; J, medial; O, caudal, and T, ventral views. Abbreviations: bf, basiorbital fossa; bpf, basiorbital pneumatic foramina; c, caudal condyle; cfm, convex articular facet of medial condyle; i, intercapitular incisure; l, lateral condyle; m, medial condyle; mc, medial crest; mp, medial process; o, otic facet; or, orbital process; ot, otic process; paf, pterygoid articular facet; pc, pterygoid condyle; qc, quadratojugal cotyle; rpf, rostromedial pneumatic foramina; s, squamosal facet; tc, tympanic crest; vqf, ventral quadratojugal facet. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 3 in New fossil birds from the earliest Eocene of Mongolia
FIGURE 3. Digital renderings from CT data of the furcula of a second fossil shorebird specimen, IGM 100/1268, in A, right lateral, and C, dorsal views, compared to the furcula of a Killdeer Charadrius vociferous (TMM M-3245) in B, right lateral, and D, dorsal views. Abbreviation: a, furcular apophysis. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in New fossil birds from the earliest Eocene of Mongolia
FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of Tsagaan Khushuu locality in the central Gobi Desert of Mongolia, where the fossils were recovered (modified from Clarke and Norell, 2004).
FIGURE 2 in New fossil birds from the earliest Eocene of Mongolia
FIGURE 2. Photographs and line drawings of the left distal humerus of a fossil shorebird specimen, IGM 100/1435, in A and B, cranial; and D and E, caudal views, compared to the left distal humerus of a Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri (TMM M-2742) in C, cranial; and F, caudal views. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal condyle; dsp, dorsal supracondylar process; fp, flexor process; ii, intercondylar incisure; fmb, fossa for the m. brachialis; of, olecranon fossa; sh, sulcus for the m. humerotricipitalis; ss, sulcus for the m. scapulotricipitalis; vc, ventral condyle; vst, ventral supracondylar tubercle. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 7 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record
Figure 7. Cartoon to depict consensus relationships among Charadriiformes ('shorebirds') along with the holotype specimen of Morsoravis sedile, a new and exceptionally well-preserved fossil from Palaeocene–Lower Eocene deposits in Jutland, Denmark (1–2; G. J. Dyke, M. van Tuinen & D. M. Waterhouse, unpubl. data). The tree is based on various sources; see text for details. Scale bar = 10 mm.
Figure 6 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record
Figure 6. Cartoon to depict consensus relationships among Galliformes ('landfowl') along with some selected fossil material (based on Dyke, 2003b and Dyke et al., 2003): A, hypothesis for the phylogenetic positions of the Lower Eocene (c. 55 Mya) taxa Gallinuloides and Paraortygoides; B, fossil elements of Paraortygoides from the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation of England (see Dyke & Gulas, 2002); C, holotype specimen of Gallinuloides wyomingensis from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming (North America) (Dyke, 2003b). Scale bar = 10 mm.
Figure 5 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record
Figure 5. Cartoon depicting consensus phylogenetic relationships among Anseriformes ('waterfowl') (based on Livezey, 1997) (Presbyornithidae includes the taxa Presbyornis and Teviornis; see text for details) along with a selection of wellpreserved fossil taxa: A, holotype skull of Anatalavis oxfordi in lateral view from the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation (The Natural History Museum, London, Palaeontology Department Collections, BMNH PAL 5922) (see Dyke, 2001b); B, holotype coracoid of BMNH PAL 5922 in dorsal and medial views) (scale bars = 10 mm); C, holotype carpometacarpus of Teviornis gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia (Palaeontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PIN 4499–1) in dorsal and ventral views (see Kurochkin et al., 2002). Scale bar = 10 mm.
Figure 4 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record
Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationships within Palaeognathae including the well-represented fossil taxa Palaeotis and Lithornis (see text for details): A, new specimen of Lithornis from the Palaeocene-Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark (Dankrae Collections of the Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen, DK 330) encased in cement stone nodule; B, skull of DK 330 acid prepared in oblique lateral view; C, palate of Lithornis in ventral view (ba, basitemporal plate; de, dentary; pa, palatine; pt, pterygoid; vo, vomer); D, the phylogenetic placement of Lithornis and Palaeotis inferred from cladistic analysis of osteological characters (see G. J. Dyke & M. van Tuinen, unpubl. data for details of analysis and matrices).
Figure 3 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record
Figure 3. Seven possible definitions for the 'radiation of birds'. The true radiation of morphology observed in today's birds may have taken place as recently as points 6 or 7. Archaic ornithurines have not been found after the K–T boundary (black arrow). Although predicted from molecular clock analyses (dotted line; see text), little convincing evidence exists for neornithine fossils preceding the K–T boundary. The variation in number of species among traditional neornithine orders indicates that the 'radiation' was not equal across every major clade. Numbers refer to the following major evolutionary bird divergences: 1, diversification of Aves; 2, origin of Neornithes; 3, diversification of Neornithes; 4, origin of Neoaves; 5, origin of most orders (including 'Neoavian comb'); 6, diversification of most orders; 7, diversification of most families.
Figure 1 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record
Figure 1. Summary cladogram to show the phylogenetic relationships at the base of Neornithes (based on Cracraft et al., 2004). Despite advances in the use of genetic data to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of birds, differences between data sets remain and have led to conflict with regard to the interrelationships of clades within Neoaves. The part of this tree to the right-hand side (relationships within Neoaves) has often been referred to as the 'neoavian comb' (Cracraft et al., 2004).
Figure 1 in Catalogue of Cuban fossil and subfossil birds
Figure 1. Distribution of Quaternary deposits in Cuban territory.
Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird
<p>Madagascar's extinct elephant birds are the least studied of the ratites, yet in recent years have proven to be critical for understanding the evolution of all birds. With large spatio-temporal gaps in the fossil record and poor biomolecular preservation of skeletal specimens, the systematics of these flightless giants remains controversial. Here, we overcome these limitations using a comprehensive molecular analysis of 1000-year-old fossil eggshells to provide the first description of elephant bird phylogeography and reveal new insights into the ecology of the world's largest birds. High-throughput sequencing of 21 mitochondrial genomes from across Madagascar reveals genetic variation that is correlated with eggshell morphology, stable isotope composition, and geographic distribution. The elephant bird crown is dated to ca. 30 Mya during the Eocene-Oligocene, a period of marked global cooling when Madagascar's local palaeoclimate is estimated to have become less arid as the island moved northward. High levels of between-clade genetic variation argue for the reclassification of Mullerornis into a new family. Low levels of within-clade genetic variation are unexpected and suggest that there were only two elephant bird genera, with one species per genus existing in southern Madagascar during the Holocene. However, we reveal a newly discovered eggshell collection from Madagascar's far north that is phylogenetically, morphologically, and ecologically distinct, representing a unique lineage of <em>Aepyornis</em>. Furthermore, molecular dating estimates that divergence within <em>Aepyornis</em> coincides with the aridification of Madagascar during the early Pleistocene ca. 1.5 Ma, and is consistent with the fragmentation of populations in the highlands driving diversification, as well as the evolution of extreme gigantism over short timescales. Molecular analysis thus provides the first insight into elephant bird speciation, and we advocate for a revision of their taxonomy that integrates palaeogenomic and palaeoecological perspectives.</p>
Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird
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Data from: The effect of weathering on bird bone survivorship in modern and fossil saline-alkaline lake environments
A modern Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) assemblage was collected along the shoreline of Lake Emakat, a saline-alkaline lake in northern Tanzania. Taphonomic analysis found the assemblage to be heavily weathered. This is likely due to the bone's heightened exposure to solar radiation and corrosive soil and water chemistries, as is expected to occur in such depositional environments. Analysis found that deep, wide, longitudinal cracks penetrate the medullar cavities of both weathered and unweathered long bones. The cause and taphonomic consequence of these cracks are addressed here, using data from Lake Emakat and from controlled studies. Results support repeated (episodic) submersion, followed by drying, as the causal mechanism behind these wet-dry cracks. Mineral salt uptake by bone may explain the early appearance and prevalence of these cracks in saline-alkaline lake settings, as compared to other depositional settings. The rate of weathering and incidence of wet-dry cracking varies significantly across limb elements. This difference correlates to element specific resistance properties to external loading forces. Heavy weathering weakens the structural integrity of bone and can accelerate its fragmentation. This can lead to bird bone loss in nearshore and ephemeral wetland settings, which may then affect resulting skeletal part, diversity, and richness profiles. Heavy weathering can therefore obscure important taphonomic and paleoecological information. The weathering data collected here are then applied to a fossil bird assemblage from the FLK Complex, (late Pliocene), Olduvai Gorge, in Tanzania. Results provide evidence for the effect of weathering on paleoecological and behavioral interpretations. Weathering should be considered when analyzing fossil bird assemblages.
Data from: Extant-only comparative methods fail to recover the disparity preserved in the bird fossil record
Most extant species are in clades with poor fossil records, and recent studies of comparative methods show have low power to infer even highly simplified models of trait evolution without fossil data. Birds are a well-studied radiation, yet their early evolutionary patterns are still contentious. The fossil record suggests that birds underwent a rapid ecological radiation after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, and several smaller, subsequent radiations. This hypothesized series of repeated radiations from fossil data is difficult to test using extant data alone. By uniting morphological and phylogenetic data on 604 extant genera of birds with morphological data on 58 species of extinct birds from 50 million years ago, the "halfway point" of avian evolution, I have been able to test how well extant-only methods predict the diversity of fossil forms . All extant-only methods underestimate the disparity, although the ratio of within to between clade disparity does suggest high early rates. The failure of standard models to predict high early disparity suggests that recent radiations are obscuring deep time patterns in the evolution of birds. Metrics from different models can be used in conjunction to provide more valuable insights than simply finding the model with the highest relative fit.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.