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116 results for “functional assemblages”
FIGURE 3 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna
FIGURE 3 | Predictions tested using structural equation modeling, indicating the expected pathways (arrows) for the effects of catchment degradation (CDI) on stream physical habitat and, consequently, on the functional structure of the fish assemblages. Land use is expected to influence the functional diversity mediated by alterations in habitat heterogeneity and stability (A), and to influence functional identity, mediated by changes in habitat type (B). Arrows indicate expected effects between predictive and response variables, which can be positive (black continuous line), negative (gray continuous line) or non-directional (dashed lines). For physical-habitat codes, calculation and ecological meaning, see Tab. 1.
FIGURE 1 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna
FIGURE 1 | Headwater streams (N = 40; black dots) sampled for fish and local physical habitat. All sites drain to Nova Ponte Reservoir in the Araguari River basin, Upper Paraná River, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
FIGURE 3 in A cascade of dams affects fish spatial distributions and functional groups of local assemblages in a subtropical river
FIGURE 3 | Analysis of multivariate homogeneity of group dispersions (PERMIDISP) by betadisper boxplot, using the Bray-Curtis index, considering the abundance (CPUEN) of movement/reproductive/size (A) and trophic categories (B), and biomass (CPUEB) of movement/ reproductive/size categories (C) and trophic categories (D). The data was based on sampling sites, and presented by environment groups: [DU, DD] = Sampling points away from the dams; [R1, R2, R3] = sampling points located in the reservoirs; [DR1, DR2, DR3] = locations downstream from dams. Greater distance to spatial median indicates larger dispersion and therefore a more diverse/heterogeneous environment. Box lower and upper endpoints represent the 25th and 75th quartiles, respectively. The horizontal bar and plus symbol inside each box represent median, excluding outliers, which are presented by open circles. See Tabs. 4 and 5 for P values from environments comparisons.
FIGURE 2 in A cascade of dams affects fish spatial distributions and functional groups of local assemblages in a subtropical river
FIGURE 2 | Ordination plots produced by the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) using the Bray-Curtis index, considering the abundance (CPUEN) of movement/reproductive/size (A) and trophic categories (B), and biomass (CPUEB) of movement/ reproductive/size categories (C) and trophic categories (D), among survey locations. [DU (red triangle), DD (yellow triangle)] = Sampling points away from the dams; [R1 (red circle), R2 (green circle), R3 (orange circle)] = sampling points located in the reservoirs; [DR1 (green square), DR2 (orange square), DR3 (red square)] = locations downstream from dams. Labels are for Detritivores, Invertivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, and Piscivores; S/SM = sedentary/short migration, NPC = no parental care, PC = parental care, IF = internal fertilization, and LM = long migration; and Small, Medium, and Large body sizes.
FIGURE 1 in A cascade of dams affects fish spatial distributions and functional groups of local assemblages in a subtropical river
FIGURE 1 | Sampling locations in the Upper Uruguai River, Brazil. The symbols indicate survey sites: circles represent sites within the reservoirs (R1 = site 3 to 5; R2 = site 7 to 9; R3 = site 11 to 14); squares indicate sites located just below dams [Downstream R1 (DR1) = 6, Downstream R2 (DR2) = 10, Downstream R3 (DR3) = 15], and triangles indicate sites that are most distant from dams [Distant Upstream (DU) = 1 and 2; Distant Downstream (DD) = 16 and 17].
Fig. 3 in Functional feeding groups as a taxonomic surrogate for a grassland arthropod assemblage
Fig. 3. The relative abundance distribution Whittaker plots comparing families and functional feeding groups (FFG) (A), family to the Stochastic normal and Random fraction models (B) and FFG to the Stochastic normal and Random fraction models (C) for an arthropod community of grassland habitat in the Free State Province, South Africa.
Fig. 1 in Functional feeding groups as a taxonomic surrogate for a grassland arthropod assemblage
Fig. 1. The relationship between family and functional feeding group (FFG) richness (A), Shannon diversity (B) and Simpson diversity (C) of arthropods in a grassland habitat in the Free State Province, South Africa between April 2009 and March 2010. Text represents the results of an F-test associated with an ANCOVA analysis comparing FFG with the covariable family and the confounding factor of sampling month.
Fig. 2 in Functional feeding groups as a taxonomic surrogate for a grassland arthropod assemblage
Fig. 2. The observed (A) and smoothed through permutation (999 times, without replacement) (B) proportional accumulation curves for arthropod family (n=108) and functional feeding group (n=36) richness occurring in 360 (100 sweeps) samples of grassland habitat in the Free State Province, South Africa.
FIG. 4 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens
FIG. 4. — Community weighted mean proportions of functional traits for each vegetation type: A, growth forms; B, substrate; C, reproductive structure types; D, photobionts.
FIG. 3 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens
FIG. 3. — Ordination and clustering of lichen communities from the different vegetation types: A, non-parametric multidimensional scaling (NDMS); B, cluster analysis dendrogram. The sites Cerro el Capulín and Cerro Juan el Grande show different affinities in both analyses (part of the xerophytic shrubland in the NDMS, but more similar to the Quercus L. forest in the dendrogram, labeled as the Xerophytic-Quercus group in the latter).
FIG. 5 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens
FIG. 5. — Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of lichen community functional traits and environmental variables in three vegetation types. * (p <0.05) and ** (p <0.005) represent the significance of functional traits related to the Xerophytic shrubland (X), Subtropical shrubland (S), and Quercus L. forest (Q).
FIG. 1 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens
FIG. 1. — Amplitude and mean values of alpha diversity (species richness) per vegetation type. Symbols: black dot, outlier; white dots, mean values.
FIG. 6 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens
FIG. 6. — Correlation of lichen community functional traits and environmental variables in three vegetation types.
FIG. 2 in Lichen community assemblages and functional traits as indicators of vegetation types in central Mexico, based on herbarium specimens
FIG. 2. — Beta diversity and shared species per vegetation type: A, pairwise comparisons of the different elements of beta diversity (Xerophytic, xerophytic shrubland; Quercus, Quercus forest; Subtropical, subtropical shrubland); B, Venn diagram showing exclusive and shared species among the vegetation types included in this study.
Functional and phylogenetic structure of forest bird assemblages along an Afrotropical elevational gradient
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Reintroduced grazers and prescribed fire effects on beetle assemblage structure and function in restored grasslands
<p>Ecological restoration seeks to re-establish functioning ecosystems, but planning and evaluation often focus on taxonomic community structure and neglect consumers and their functional roles. The functional trait composition of insect assemblages, which make up the majority of animal diversity in many systems, can reveal how they are affected by restoration management and the consequences for ecosystem function. We sampled ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in restored tallgrass prairies varying in management with prescribed fire and reintroduced American bison (<i>Bison bison</i>) to describe their taxonomic and functional trait structure. We also measured seed and arthropod predation to relate management, beetle assemblage characteristics, and function, and to test if function is maximized by trait diversity, dominant trait values, or beetle abundance. Beetle assemblages primarily varied with restoration age, declining over time in richness and both taxonomic and functional diversity, but bison presence also influenced taxonomic composition. Prescribed fire reduced seed predation in summer and arthropod predation in fall. Although seed predation was unrelated to beetle assemblages, arthropod predation was greater in sites with higher abundances of carnivorous ground beetles. The relatively weak impacts of fire and bison on functional assemblage structure is a promising sign that these management disturbances, aimed at supporting a diverse native plant community, are not detrimental to beetle assemblages. The significance of reduced predator function following prescribed fire will depend on the restoration context and whether seed or arthropod predation relates to management goals.</p>
Data from: Functional richness shows spatial scale dependency in Pheidole ant assemblages from Neotropical savannas
There is a growing recognition that spatial scale is important for understanding ecological processes shaping community membership, but empirical evidence on this topic is still scarce. Ecological processes such as environmental filtering can decrease functional differences among species and promote functional clustering of species assemblages, whereas interspecific competition can do the opposite. These different ecological processes are expected to take place at different spatial scales, with competition being more likely at finer scales and environmental filtering most likely at coarser scales. We used a comprehensive dataset on species assemblages of a dominant ant genus, Pheidole, in the Cerrado (savanna) biodiversity hotspot to ask how functional richness relate to species richness gradients and whether such relationships vary across spatial scales. Functional richness of Pheidole assemblages decreased with increasing species richness, but such relationship did not vary across different spatial scales. Species were more functionally dissimilar at finer spatial scales, and functional richness increased less than expected with increasing species richness. Our results indicate a tighter packing of the functional volume as richness increases and point out to a primary role for environmental filtering in shaping membership of Pheidole assemblages in Neotropical savannas.
Including intraspecific trait variability to avoid distortion of functional diversity and ecological inference: lessons from natural assemblages
<p>1. Functional diversity assessments are crucial and increasingly used for understanding ecological processes and managing ecosystems. The functional diversity of a community is assessed by sampling traits at one or more scales (individuals, populations, species) and calculating a summary index of the variation in trait values. However, it remains unclear how the scale at which traits are sampled and the indices used to estimate functional diversity may alter the patterns observed and inferences about ecological processes.</p> <p>2. For 40 plant and 61 ant communities, we assess functional diversity using six methods – encompassing various mean-based and probabilistic methods – chosen to reflect common scenarios where different levels of detail are available in trait data. We test whether including trait variability at different scales (from individuals to species) alter functional diversity values calculated using volume-based and dissimilarity-based indices, Functional Richness (FRic) and Rao, respectively. We further test whether such effects alter the functional diversity patterns observed across communities and their relationships with environmental drivers such as abiotic gradients and occurrences of invasive species.</p> <p>3. Intraspecific trait variability strongly determined FRic and Rao. Methods using only species' mean trait values to calculate FRic (convex hulls) and Rao (Gower-based dissimilarity) distorted the patterns observed when intraspecific trait variability was considered. These distortions generated Type I and Type II errors for the effects of environmental factors structuring the plant and ant communities.</p> <p>4. The high sensitivity of FRic to individuals with extreme trait values was revealed in comparisons of different probabilistic methods including among-individual and among-population trait variability in functional diversity. By contrast, values and ecological patterns in Rao were consistent among methods including different scales of intraspecific trait variability.</p> <p>5. Decisions about where traits are sampled and how trait variability is included in functional diversity can drastically change the patterns observed and conclusions about ecological processes. We recommend sampling the traits of multiple individuals per species and capturing their intraspecific trait variability using probabilistic methods. We discuss how intraspecific trait variability can be reasonably estimated and included in functional diversity in the common circumstance where only limited trait data are available.</p>
Habitat simplification affects functional group structure along with taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of temperate-zone ant assemblages over a ten-year period
<p>Biodiversity is declining at various scales due to habitat simplification. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on how the biotic and abiotic changes linked to simplification affect several diversity dimensions, such as taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities. This study investigated whether transforming natural oak forests into induced grasslands affected species diversity, functional group structure, and phylogenetic diversity of ant assemblages inhabiting a temperate forest in central Mexico. We placed over 1,000 pitfall traps in five sampling events covering a ten-year period. We used Hill numbers to evaluate species diversity differences between vegetation types and patterns over time. Ant species were classified into stress-related functional groups, which were analyzed for their association with vegetation types and changes to their proportional abundance over time. We calculated the standardized effect size of the mean nearest taxon distance to quantify the evolutionary history and test for non-random patterns within vegetation types and sampling years. Species richness did not differ between vegetation types, yet grasslands showed greater diversity for the q=1 and q=2 orders. Besides, we found three ant species as bioindicators for each vegetation. Regarding functional structure, cold climate specialists were associated with oak forests. In contrast, generalist species were predominant in induced grasslands. Higher phylogenetic diversity with an overdispersed structure was associated with oak forest, whereas lower phylogenetic diversity and a clustered pattern were found in induced grassland. These results indicate that habitat simplification may not affect the number of ant species but rather increases their relative abundance and reorganizes the functional and phylogenetic structure in the ecosystem, particularly shift towards the dominance of evolutionary close-related species and broad-stress tolerant groups. These results highlight the importance of integrating further dimensions of diversity to properly evaluate the reassembly dynamics after habitat simplification and understand the mechanisms driving this biodiversity loss.</p>
Functional niche constraints on carnivore assemblages (mammalia: carnivora) in the Americas: What facilitates coexistence through space and time?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Mammalian carnivores are among the best studied groups in terms of evolutionary history. However, the effects of species interactions in shaping community assemblages remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that indirect interactions via ecological trait filtering play a key role in structuring carnivoran assemblages, mediate coexistence, and thus should show high functional diversity in space and time at continental scales.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Americas.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Mammalian carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We followed a macroecological perspective via ecological networks analyses for indirect interactions, and assessed the underlying functional diversity (FD) across space and from the Last Interglacial to the present in the Americas. We analyzed the potential distributions and six ecological traits of 88 species to establish possible mechanisms that enables species to coexist and the underlying diversity patterns. We compared the empirical results with two null models, and two sensitivity analyses.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Co-occurring carnivore species presented ecological segregation driven mainly by a size ratio (S <sub>R</sub>) relationship, called here the body-size spatial anti-clustering effect. The underlying FD patterns showed low redundancy towards the tropics and the poles during the times evaluated. However, during the LGM, shifts occurred primarily at high latitudes in North America. This shift affected the S <sub>R</sub> relationship and therefore changed functional diversity patterns. These local-to-continental interactions mediated by the S <sub>R</sub> are significant from an ecological and biogeographic perspective, suggesting a robust and consistent trend in which carnivore species of similar size have a lower probability of occupying the same area unless they differentiate in other ecological trait spaces.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> The S <sub>R</sub> relationship is potentially a primary mechanism limiting carnivore coexistence, reflecting functional filtering. The S <sub>R</sub> tends to be conservative across different ecological trait groups and through time and space. We propose that the body-size spatial anti-clustering effect can directly measure species' coexistence and mediate FD patterns in the Americas.</p>
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