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50 results for “gape”
Data from: Gape-limited predators as agents of selection on the defensive morphology of an invasive invertebrate
Invasive species have widespread and pronounced effects on ecosystems and adaptive evolution of invaders is often considered responsible for their success. Despite the potential importance of adaptation to invasion, we still have limited knowledge of the agents of natural selection on invasive species. Bythotrephes longimanus, a cladoceran zooplankton, invaded multiple Canadian Shield lakes over the past several decades. Bythotrephes have a conspicuous caudal process (tail spine) that provides a morphological defense against fish predation. We measured viability selection on the longest component of the Bythotrephes spine, the distal spine segment, through a comparison of the lengths of first and second instar Bythotrephes collected from lakes differing in the dominance of gape-limited predation (GLP) and non-gape-limited predation (NGLP) by fish. We found that natural selection varied by predator gape-limitation, with strong selection (selection intensity: 0.20-0.79) for increased distal spine length in lakes dominated by GLP, and no significant selection in lakes dominated by NGLP. Further, distal spine length was 17% longer in lakes dominated by GLP, suggesting the possibility of local adaptation. As all study lakes were invaded less than twenty years prior to our collections, our results suggest rapid divergence in defensive morphology in response to selection from fish predators.
Data from: Quantifying the effect of gape and morphology on bite force: biomechanical modeling and in vivo measurements in bats
Maximum bite force is an important metric of feeding performance that defines the dietary ecology of many vertebrates. In mammals, theoretical analyses and empirical studies suggest a trade-off between maximum bite force and gape at behavioural and evolutionary scales; in vivo bite force is expected to decrease at wide gapes, and cranial morphologies that enable high mechanical advantage are thought to have a lower ability to generate high bite forces at wide gapes, and vice versa. However, very few studies have confirmed these relationships in free-ranging mammals. This study uses an ecologically diverse sample of bats to document the variation in bite force with respect to gape angle, and applies three-dimensional models of the feeding apparatus to identify the major morphological and biomechanical predictors of the gape-bite force relationship. In vivo and model data corroborated that bite force decreases significantly at wide gapes across species, but there is substantial intraspecific variation in the data obtained from live bats. Results from biomechanical models, analysed within a phylogenetic framework, revealed that species with larger temporalis muscles, higher temporalis stretch factors and high mechanical advantages experience a steeper reduction in bite force with increasing gape. These trends are illustrated by short-faced durophagous frugivores. The results from this study suggest that gape-mediated changes in bite force can be explained both by behavioural effects and cranial morphology, and that these links are relevant for functional analyses of mammal dietary ecology.
Data from: Length, body depth, and gape relationships and inference on piscivory among North American centrarchids
Species of Centrarchidae are major components of inland fisheries in much of North America. Thus, information gained from the assessment of interspecies interactions and/or quantifying predator-prey relationships is a useful tool for fisheries managers. Using preserved fish specimens (n = 717) from 20 species of centrarchids, we made measurements of total length (TL), standard length (SL), horizontal gape, and body depth for each individual. We fitted mathematical models that included horizontal gape and body depth as functions of TL and SL, and TL as a function of SL. Linear-regression-model fits were generally good (r2 = 0.764-0.998) for all 20 species, with 61 of 78 possible models having r2 values exceeding 0.90. Horizontal gape–SL (F3,702 = 77.18, P < 0.001) and body depth-SL (F3,702 = 91.79, P < 0.001) ratios differed significantly along a gradient that reflected the species' likelihood of piscivory. Slopes of TL–SL regressions did not vary by species, which enabled development of a generalized TL–SL model for centrarchids. Supplemental analyses supported that morphometric measurements had not been influenced significantly by preservation. Results of this study are useful to fisheries managers involved with understanding species interactions within centrarchid-dominated food webs, which are of high priority in most fisheries-management plans.
Data from: Wide gape in the Ordovician brachiopod Rafinesquina explains how unattached filter-feeding strophomenoids thrived on muddy substrates
<p>Strophomenoid brachiopods had thin, concavo-convex shells, were ubiquitous colonisers of Paleozoic muddy seafloors, and are hypothesised to have filter-fed in a concave upward orientation. This orientation would elevate their line of commissure out of potentially lethal lophophore-clogging mud. The paradox is that epibiont distributions on strophomenoids support a convex-upward life position, as do studies of strophomenoid stability and trace fossils formed by strophomenoid sediment-clearing. A premise of the concave-upward orientation hypothesis is a narrow gape, which causes narrow, high velocity inhalant currents, leaving strophomenoids vulnerable to sediment entrainment. Herein we investigate the gape angle of Rafinesquina using serial thin sections and peels, silicified specimens, computer modelling, SEM analysis, X-ray microCT, and 3-D printing. Hinge line structure suggests that, conservatively, Rafinesquina could gape 40–45°. Such a gape occurred when diductor muscle contraction could not cause any further rotation, hinge teeth and crenulations were disengaged, and interareas interlocked. In contrast, when closed, hinge teeth were locked in hinge sockets. This wide gape eliminates constraints on feeding orientation. In either convex-up or concave-up orientation, Rafinesquina could feed with slow, diffuse inhalant currents incapable of disturbing sediment, and could snap valves shut to forcefully expel enough water to clear sediment from the mantle cavity, explaining moat-shaped trace fossils associated with shells. Our findings demonstrate that Rafinesquina gaped at an angle approximately equal to the angle between the two interareas when the valves are closed. Our analyses also hint that other strophomenoids with similar interarea angles lived with their shells widely agape.</p>
Figure 8 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 8. Cranial bones of Sanajeh indicus referred specimen GSI/GC/DD4. Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of partial skull, including braincase, skull roof and posterior portions of right palate and mandible in dorsal view. Hatched lines indicate broken bone surface; parallel double-line pattern indicates matrix; and dashed lines indicate reconstructed portions of incomplete elements. Abbreviations: as ect, articular surface for the ectopterygoid; as pl, articular surface for the palatine; as sq, articular surface for the squamosal; bo, basioccipital; c, coronoid; cb, compound bone; d, dentary; oto, otoccipital; p, parietal; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; so, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, stapes; sut, supratemporal; t, tooth;?, unidentified bone.
Figure 7 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 7. Palatine of Sanajeh indicus referred specimen GSI/GC/DD4. Photographs and line drawings of right palatine in dorsal (A) and ventromedial (B) views. Hatched lines indicate broken bone surface, and parallel double-line pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: as m, articular surface for the maxilla; as pt, articular surface for the pterygoid; ch pr, choanal process; pl1, palatine tooth 1; pl6, palatine tooth 6; pl13, palatine tooth 13; sbofo, suborbital foramen.
Figure 6 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 6. Dentary of Sanajeh indicus holotype GSU/GC/2903. Anterior portion of the right dentary in lateral (A), medial (B), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; d, dentary; Mc, Meckelian groove; pl, pleura; sd, subdental shelf; sy, symphyseal facet; t, tooth.
Figure 5 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 5. Mandible of Sanajeh indicus holotype GSU/GC/2903. Photographs and line drawings of right mandible in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Hatched lines indicate broken bone surface; parallel double-line pattern indicates matrix; and dashed lines indicate reconstructed portions of incomplete elements. Abbreviations: a, angular; al5, alveolus for tooth 5; asfo, anterior surangular foramen; c, coronoid; cb, compound bone; c fa, coronoid facet; d, dentary; d4, dentary tooth 4; d6, dentary tooth 6; d11, dentary tooth 11; Mc, Meckelian groove; mfo, mental foramen; pmfo, posterior mylohyoid foramen; sp, splenial; sp fr, splenial fragment;?, unidentified bone.
Figure 4 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 4. Postfrontal of Sanajeh indicus holotype GSU/GC/2903. Photographs and line drawings of right postfrontal in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and posteromedial (C) views. Hatched lines indicate broken bone surface, and parallel double-line pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: as f, articular surface for frontal; as p, articular surface for parietal; orm, orbital margin; vpr, ventral process;?, unidentified bone.
Figure 2 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 2. Sanajeh indicus holotype block GSI/GC/2903. Line drawing of cranial elements preserved in near-anatomical articulation atop a chain of dorsal vertebrae (anteriormost vertebra at left). Hatched lines indicate broken bone surface; orange tone indicates matrix; and dashed lines indicate reconstructed portions of incomplete elements. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; l, left; m, maxilla; md, mandible; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pof, postfrontal; r, right; sm, septomaxilla.
Figure 1 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 1. Sanajeh indicus holotype block GSI/GC/2903. Photograph of cranial elements preserved in near-anatomical articulation atop a chain of dorsal vertebrae (anteriormost vertebra at left).
Figure 9 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 9. Cranial bones of Sanajeh indicus referred specimen GSI/GC/DD4. Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of partial skull, including braincase, skull roof and posterior portions of right palate and mandible in ventral view. Hatched lines indicate broken bone surface, and parallel double-line pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: as bp, articular surface for the basipterygoid process; bo, basioccipital; c, coronoid; cb, compound bone; d, dentary; oto, otoccipital; p, parietal; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; sp, splenial; st, stapes; sut, supratemporal; t, tooth;?, unidentified bone.
Figure 16 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 16. Phylogenetic relationships of Toxicofera. Strict consensus of eight most parsimonious trees (996 303 steps) based on an unweighted total evidence analysis using TNT. Unlabelled nodes have bootstrap values of 100%. Asterisks indicate bootstrap values <70%. Images on the right are dorsal views of the left temporal region of Varanus salƲator (FMNH 35144),
Figure 12 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 12. Compound bone of Sanajeh indicus referred specimen GSI/GC/DD4. Posterior portion of left compound bone in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: ar, articular surface for the quadrate; ctfo, foramen for the chorda tympani; psfo, posterior surangular foramen; su cp, surangular portion of the compound bone.
Figure 15 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 15. Cranial bones of Sanajeh indicus referred specimen GSI/GC/DD4. Three-dimensional computed tomographic scan cutaway views along the horizontal (A, B) and transverse (C, D) planes. Arrowheads in B indicate the position of the transverse cutaway views in C, D. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; oto, otooccipital; p, parietal; pl, pleura; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; sd, subdental shelf; sq, squamosal; sut, supratemporal; t, tooth.
Figure 14 in The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding
Figure 14. Palatal bones of Sanajeh indicus referred specimen GSI/GC/DD4 and Lanthanotus borneensis (FMNH 148589). Three-dimensional computed tomographic scan images of right palatine (blue) and pterygoid (yellow) of Sanajeh indicus (A, C, E) and Lanthanotus borneensis (B, D, F) in dorsal (A, B), ventral (C, D) and oblique anterolateral (E, F) views. Arrows point to the broad contact area between the pterygoid and palatine. Anterior is toward the left in A, B and toward the right in C–F. Scale bar represents 10 mm for Sanajeh and 2 mm for Lanthanotus. Abbreviations: as bp, articular surface for the basipterygoid process; as ect, articular surface for the ectopterygoid; as m, articular surface for the maxilla; ch pr, choanal process; q pr, quadrate process; sbo, suborbital foramen; t, tooth.
The Effect of Graded Activity and Pain Education (GAPE) for Patients Early After Lumbar Spinal Fusion
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04103970. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Data from: Length, body depth, and gape relationships and inference on piscivory among North American centrarchids
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Data from: Female-biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch’s Rule
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Moving in fast waters: the exaggerated claw gape of the new river crayfish (Cambarus chasmodactlyus) aids in locomotor performance
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