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104 results for “grouse”
Supporting data for assessing impacts of satellite GPS transmitters on survival, nesting propensity, and nest success of greater sage-grouse
<p>Telemetry technology and data are commonly used to study behavior and demography of wildlife. Satellite-based, global positioning system (GPS) telemetry allows researchers to remotely collect a high volume of fine-resolution animal location data but may also come with hidden costs. For example, recent studies suggested GPS transmitters attached via backpacks may reduce survival of greater sage-grouse (<em>Centrocercus urophasianus</em>) relative to very high frequency (VHF) telemetry transmitters attached via collars. While some evidence suggests GPS backpacks can reduce survival, no studies examined their effects on sage-grouse breeding behavior and success. We compared survival, breeding behavior, and nest success for sage-grouse hens marked with either VHF collars or GPS backpack transmitters in central Idaho, USA. GPS backpacks reduced spring-summer survival relative to VHF collars, yet GPS backpacks did not consistently affect nest success or the likelihood or timing of nest initiation relative to VHF collars. Daily nest survival varied annually and with timing of nest initiation and nest age, but marginal effects of transmitter type were statistically insignificant, and interactions between transmitter type and study year were inconsistent. These results demonstrate the effect of GPS backpacks on sage-grouse survival but also suggest GPS backpacks do not appear to affect components of fecundity. </p>
Ruffed grouse stress-scape dataset
<p>Context</p> <p>Variability in temperature and snow cover are characteristics of high-latitude environments that impose significant pressures on overwintering species. To cope with increased energetic demands and decreased resources, species occupying seasonal environments often seek out refugia that buffer them from inclement conditions. Ruffed grouse (<i>Bonasa umbellus</i>) roosting in the thermally stable microhabitat beneath deep snow are buffered from negative effects of cold temperatures on physiological stress (glucocorticoid hormone levels).</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>Despite physiological advantages of accessing warmer refugia during winter, it is unknown how land cover and winter climate promote the occurrence of such refugia over space and time. Analogous to the landscape of fear, which mediates how prey navigate spatial variation in predation risk, mapping a landscape of stress, or stress-scape, may identify hotspots where metabolic challenges persist.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We assayed droppings for fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) collected from radio-tagged ruffed grouse over three winters and developed a spatial model of FCM concentrations across the extent of our study area, thus quantifying a stress-scape.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>FCMs increased with shallower snow depths, less dense snow, colder ambient temperatures, and more open habitat. However, despite considerable spatiotemporal variation in snow depth, snow density, and temperature, the regions across the landscape where grouse had elevated FCM levels were consistent and predictable across years.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Stress-scapes offer a new tool for understanding and quantifying indirect effects of stressors and can identify areas of the landscape where there may be consistent hotspots of stress that are the result of multiple ecological and environmental challenges. </p>
Dataset for TLS understory characterization: an exploratory study on hazel grouse in Italian Alps
<p>This dataset contains data collected in the middle of June 2021 with a mobile terrestrial laser scanner (mobile ZEB TLS) in 10 squared areas, of approximatively 20x20m each, in Adamello Brenta National Park. Data have been normalized using TreeLS package in R.</p> <p>This research was funded with the contribution of the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Forestry Policies (MiPAAF) sub-project “Precision Forestry” (AgriDigit program) (DM 36503.7305.2018 of 20/12/2018).</p>
ARU audio recordings with ruffed grouse annotations (Pennsylvania, 2020)
<p>This dataset contains audio and annotations for ruffed grouse (<em>Bonasa umbellus</em>) drumming events.</p> <p>Audio is organized into subfolders by date (4 dates) and by SD card (each of the 56 SD cards was used to record data from an AudioMoth acoustic recorder in Pennsylvania in 2020). For each day and SD card there is one 5-minute audio file. The table in the annotations folder contains presence/absence (ie 1 or 0) labels for each minute (eg 0-60 seconds, 60-120, ...) of each audio file. Additionally, the annotations folder contains subfolders with annotation text files created in raven specifying the time and frequency bounds of each annotated ruffed grouse drumming event. Audio files with zero annotations do not have an annotation .txt file, except one. The file names and directory structure of Raven annotation files and audio files are an exact match, except for the file extensions (.wav vs .Table.1.selections.txt).</p> <p>This data was used to evaluate an automated recognition method designed to detect ruffed grouse drumming (Lapp et al 2022)</p> <p>Lapp, S., Larkin, J., Parker, H., Larkin, J., Shaffer, D., Tett, C., McNeil, D., Fiss, C., Kitzes, J., In Review. "Automated recognition of Ruffed Grouse drumming in field recordings". Wildlife Society Bulletin. </p>
Data from: Demographic effects of a megafire on a declining prairie grouse in the mixed-grass prairie
<p>Recent studies have documented benefits of small, prescribed fire and wildfire for grassland-dependent wildlife, such as lesser prairie-chickens (<em>Tympanuchus</em> <em>pallidicintus</em>), but wildlife demographic response to the scale and intensity of megafire (wildfire > 40,000 ha) in modern fragmented grasslands remains unknown. Limited available grassland habitat makes it imperative to understand if increasing frequency of megafires could further reduce already declining lesser prairie-chicken populations, or if historical evolutionary interactions with fire make lesser prairie-chickens resilient. To evaluate lesser prairie-chicken demographic response to megafires, we compared lek counts, nest density, and survival rates of adults, nests, and chicks before (2014–2016) and after (2018–2020) a 2017 megafire in the mixed-grass prairie of Kansas, USA (Starbuck fire ~254,000 ha). There was a 67% decline in attending males on leks post-fire and a 46% decline in occupied leks post-fire. Despite population declines as indicated by lek counts, adult female breeding season survival (Ŝ) was similar pre- (Ŝ <span>= </span>0.65 ± 0.08 [SE]) and post-fire (0.61 ± 0.08), as was chick survival (pre-fire: 0.23 ± 0.07; post-fire: 0.27 ± 0.11). Nest survival appeared lower post-fire (pre-fire: 0.38 ± 0.06; post-fire: 0.20 ± 0.06), <span>but did not differ at the 95% confidence interval.</span> Nest density of marked females declined 73% in areas burned by megafire. Although lesser prairie-chickens persisted in the study area and we documented minimal effects on most demographic rates, reduced lesser prairie-chicken abundance and reproductive output suggests full recovery may take >3 years. Increased propensity for megafire resulting from suppression of smaller fires, compounded by climate change and woody encroachment, may impose a short-term (3-5 year) threat to already declining lesser prairie-chicken populations.</p>
Data for: Ruffed grouse roosting behaviour
<p>Behavioural flexibility is an important way in which animals respond to changing environmental conditions. During winter, snow cover is an important seasonal refuge that provides thermal insulation and protects overwintering species from predators. However, snow depth and quality can be highly variable throughout winter, and it is unclear how species that use snow cover adjust their behaviour with changing winter conditions and in complex landscapes. During winter months, Ruffed Grouse <em>Bonasa umbellus</em> spend a large portion of time roosting in trees, understory, and in some cases, subnivean environments. Importantly, the ability to snow roost has been associated with reduced stress levels and increased overwinter survival. Across three winters, we studied the plasticity of roosting behaviour across a diversity of winter conditions and land cover types. In line with predictions, grouse were more likely to use snow burrows when snow was deep and powdery, and experienced warmer temperatures in snow roosts compared to other roost types. However, snow roosting behaviour did not vary strongly across land cover types, and grouse were not more likely to use snow burrows at colder temperatures, potentially because snow roosting may serve to protect grouse from predators regardless of winter weather conditions. Both the snow conditions necessary for snow roosting and the occurrence of snow roosting behaviour, were relatively rare during our 3-year study (only 3% of all roosts were snow burrows). Loss of winter refugia due to warming winters and declining snow cover may limit the use of behavioural flexibility for winter-adapted species to cope with environmental change.</p>
STR genotypes of 195 black grouse individuals
<p>The data file contains the individual genotypes of 195 black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) individuals, genotyped at 9 STR (microsatellite) loci.</p> <p>The data is curated into 10 subpopulations as decribed in the accompanied publication.</p> <p>The data is uploaded in the commonly used genepop file format.</p>
Data and R scripts for: Effects of hunting on genetic diversity, inbreeding and dispersal in Finnish black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix)
<p>While intensive hunting activities, such as commercial fishing and trophy hunting, can have profound influences on natural populations, less intensive recreational hunting can also have more subtle effects on animal behaviour, habitat use and movement, with implications for population persistence. Lekking species such as the black grouse (<em>Lyrurus</em> <em>tetrix</em>) may be especially prone to hunting as leks are temporally and spatially predictable, making them easy targets. Furthermore, inbreeding in black grouse is mainly avoided through female-biased dispersal, so any disruptions to dispersal caused by hunting could lead to changes in gene flow, leading to an increasing risk of inbreeding. We therefore investigated the impact of hunting on genetic diversity, inbreeding and dispersal on a metapopulation of black grouse in Central Finland. We genotyped 1,065 adult males and 813 adult females from twelve lekking sites (six hunted, six unhunted) and 200 unrelated chicks from seven sites (two hunted, five unhunted) at up to thirteen microsatellite loci. Our initial confirmatory analysis of sex-specific fine-scale population structure revealed little genetic structure in the metapopulation. Levels of inbreeding did not differ significantly between hunted and unhunted sites in both adults and chicks. However, immigration rates into hunted sites were significantly higher among adults compared to immigration into unhunted sites. We conclude that the influx of migrants into hunted sites may compensate for the loss of harvested individuals, thereby increasing gene flow and mitigating inbreeding. Given the absence of any obvious potential barriers to gene flow in Central Finland, a spatially heterogeneous matrix of hunted and unhunted regions may be crucial to ensure sustainable harvests into the future.</p>
Data from: Annual variation in breeding success in boreal forest grouse
<ol> <li>Knowledge of the temporal variation in reproductive success and its key driving factors is crucial in predicting animal population persistence. Few studies have examined the effects of a range of explanatory factors operating simultaneously on the same population over a long period.</li> <li>Based on 41 years of monitoring (1979–2019), we tested prevailing hypotheses about drivers of annual variation in breeding success in two sympatric species of boreal forest grouse – the capercaillie (<em>Tetrao</em> <em>urogallus</em>) and the black grouse (<em>T</em>. <em>tetrix</em>) – in a 40 km<sup>2</sup> boreal forest landscape.</li> <li>From counts in early August, we measured breeding success (chicks/hen) along with potential determining factors. We formulated five main hypotheses on causes of variation (hen condition, chick weather, chick food, predation, demographic characteristics), and derived 13 associated explanatory variables for analysis. We first tested the five hypotheses separately and then used model selection (AICc) to rank the best predictive models irrespective of hypotheses. Lastly, we used path analysis to illuminate potential causal relationships. </li> <li>Barring demographic characteristics, all hypotheses were supported, most strongly for chick food and predation. Among predictor variables, chick food (insect larvae and bilberry fruit crops), vole and fox abundances, the winter-NAO index, and temperature after hatching, had the strongest effect sizes in both species. Precipitation after hatching had no detectable effect. Model selection indicated bottom-up factors to be more important than predation, but confounding complicated interpretation. Path analysis suggested that the high explanatory power of bilberry fruiting was due not only to its direct positive effect on chick food quality but also to an indirect positive effect on vole abundance, which buffers predation. The two components of breeding success – proportion of hens with broods and number of chicks per brood – were uncorrelated, the former having the strongest effect. The two components had different ecological correlates that often varied asynchronously, resulting in overall breeding success fluctuating around low to moderate levels.</li> <li>Our study highlights the complexity of key explanatory drivers and the importance of considering multiple hypotheses of breeding success. Although chick food appeared to equal or surpass predation in explaining the annual variation in breeding success, predation may still be the overall limiting factor. Comparative and experimental studies of confounded variables (bilberry fruiting, voles and larvae) are needed to disentangle causes of variation in breeding success of boreal forest grouse.</li> </ol>
Data from: Historical fire regimes and contemporary fire effects within sagebrush habitats of Gunnison Sage-grouse
<p>The historical role of fire in sagebrush (<em>Artemisia</em> <em>tridentata</em>) landscapes remains poorly understood yet is important to inform management and conservation of obligate species such as the threatened Gunnison Sage-grouse (GUSG; <em>Centrocercus</em> <em>minimus</em>). We reconstructed fire histories from tree-ring fire-scars at sagebrush-forest ecotones (10 sites, 111 trees) to better understand the role of fire in sagebrush landscapes of the Upper Gunnison Basin (UGB), Colorado, and how fire may have changed following European-American settlement. We assessed likely influences of historical fire by surveying plant composition and structure at 100 sagebrush sites with and without recent (2001–2020) fire. </p> <p>Tree-ring fire-scars revealed a history of repeated low-severity fire at sagebrush-forest ecotones until 1892, followed by over a century without fire. Between 1684 and 1892, the mean fire interval (MFI) among sites averaged 41.3 years (ranging from 18.2 to 79.7 years). Fire over this period occurred synchronously at two or more sites on average every 23.6 years, consistent with spread between sites. Most (70%) of the historical fires burned in the early growing season when strong winds can spread fire through sagebrush. Recent burns, relative to unburned sites exhibited greater reductions in sagebrush (<em>Artemisia</em> <em>tridentata</em>; 27% vs. 6%) and concomitant increases in herbaceous (40% vs. 55%) cover. These differences declined with time since fire but persisted for at least two decades. Burns were dominated by a suite of native perennial grasses, forbs, and a re-sprouting shrub species. Historically, such openings may have served as seasonal GUSG habitat. Burns exhibited slightly increased cover (4% vs. 1%) of a widely-planted non-native perennial grass, crested wheatgrass (<em>Agropyron</em> <em>cristatum</em>). </p> <p>Our results suggest that parts of the UGB sagebrush landscapes were characterized historically by frequent fire and dynamic vegetation mosaics that included open, grassy patches. These findings are consistent with the use of prescribed fire to restore and maintain this ecological process and vegetation heterogeneity. However, the contemporary context for fire has changed, and now includes substantially reduced (Endangered Species Act) ESA-listed GUSG populations, increased risk of non-native plant invasion, and climate warming. These circumstances highlight new risks, information needs, and opportunities for key knowledge co-production via management-research partnerships. </p>
Data from: Genetic mark-recapture analysis of winter faecal pellets allows estimation of population size in sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus
<p><span>Sex ratio, and the extent to which it varies over time, is an important factor in the demography, management, and conservation of wildlife populations. We estimated pre-breeding sex ratio of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in a peripheral, geographically isolated population in northwestern Colorado during two consecutive winters using closed-population, robust-design, multi-state, genetic mark-recapture models in program MARK (White and Burnham 1999). This data release includes the data files (.inp format) used in those models, as described in Shyvers et al. 2023. The data include capture histories and auxiliary data for individual greater sage-grouse collected during two study seasons: Season 1 (winter 2012-2013) and Season 2 (winter 2013-2014) and are readable using program MARK or notepad. Each data row includes the unique bird identification number (GMR-ID); the bird's encounter history for n= sampling occasions coded as a static state (M = male, F = female); the group ID; and a region covariate (0 = North, 1 = South). The data were adapted from those originally developed for Shyvers et al. 2020 and applied using Closed Robust Design Multi-state (CRDMS) Huggins' p and c w/state probabilities in program MARK to obtain estimates of Omega, enabling estimation of sex ratio with associated confidence intervals (see Shyvers et al. 2023).</span></p> <p>References:</p> <p>Shyvers, J.E., Walker, B.L., Oyler-McCance, S.J., Fike, J.A. and Noon, B.R. 2023. Genetic mark-recapture analysis reveals large annual variation in pre-breeding sex ratio of greater sage-grouse. Wildlife Biology (https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01085)</p> <p>Shyvers, J.E., Walker, B.L., Oyler‐McCance, S.J., Fike, J.A. and Noon, B.R., 2020. Genetic mark-recapture analysis of winter faecal pellets allows estimation of population size in Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus. Ibis, 162(3), pp.749-765.</p> <p>White, G. C., and K. P. Burnham. 1999. Program Mark: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. – Bird Study 46:120–139.</p>
A meta-analysis investigating the effects of energy infrastructure proximity on grouse demography and space use
<p>The increased global demand for energy will require additional tools to help guide policy and management actions to conserve wildlife. Grouse (Tetraoninae) are adversely affected by infrastructure associated with energy development, but the magnitude of effects are difficult to quantify in a singular management prescription. Advancement in monitoring and analysis techniques have allowed researchers to evaluate complex questions surrounding the effects of infrastructure on grouse populations, rapidly increasing our knowledge. To better inform management decisions, especially with the emergence of renewable energy, a quantitative synthesis of previous research evaluating the effects of infrastructure on grouse populations is needed. We reviewed studies evaluating the effect of energy infrastructure on grouse, with the main objective to determine the magnitude of effect on grouse lek attendance, resource selection, and survival to help inform future conservation actions. We modeled slope coefficients for distance to energy infrastructure, standardized by scale, on various behaviors to determine overall effect sizes in a meta-analysis. We used 93 study-result combinations from 21 studies that directly evaluated resource selection, survival, or lek attendance relative to energy infrastructure. Trends in overall effect sizes suggest an adverse effect of distance to energy infrastructure on grouse behavior; however, the combination of non-significant pooled regression slopes and high among-study heterogeneity suggest the effect of distance to energy infrastructure is context dependent. While distance to infrastructure is a common metric used in many grouse management plans, our results suggest distance to infrastructure may not be a reliable predictor of grouse behavior and the effect is context dependent making management prescriptions based solely on distance to infrastructure in a one size fits all approach difficult. Our analysis points to numerous aspects that scientists can improve upon by evaluating density in conjunction with distance to energy infrastructure as well as reporting the necessary statistics for future meta-analyses.</p>
Greater Sage-grouse brood-rearing female habitat data
<p>Habitat selection analyses conducted at an individual level may reveal patterns in selection not apparent when individuals are pooled in population-level approaches. Using GPS transmitters that gather high-resolution location data, we explored fine-scale habitat selection and space use within home ranges of female greater sage-grouse (<em>Centrocercus</em> <em>urophasianus</em>) that raised young (brood-rearing sage-grouse) in an oil and gas development area. To evaluate fine-scale habitat selection of brood-rearing sage-grouse, we used a two-stage approach. First, we developed models for each individual (i.e., individual-level modeling) and evaluated individual-level responses to modified habitats and infrastructure. Second, we averaged individual-level estimates using a bootstrap approach to make population-level inference. The average home range size during brood-rearing, from nest hatch to six weeks, in our study were 0.85 ± 0.21 km<sup>2</sup>. Individual- and population-level results indicated that brood-rearing females consistently selected for natural vegetation and avoided disturbed surfaces at a fine spatial scale. Our study area included substantial areas of recent (≤10 years) habitat reclamation which females also avoided. Visible power lines consistently led to avoidance behavior. In addition to consistent patterns of habitat selection, our individual models demonstrated variability and contrasting behaviors in how brood-rearing females responded to specific infrastructure features and anthropogenic water bodies. At the population-level, anthropogenic water bodies were avoided, but at the individual-level, the intensity of avoidance was variable among individuals. Individual variability was often explained by the age of the brood-rearing female (first year or adult). First year females were more likely than adults to use habitats close to infrastructure and consistently established home ranges in areas with more surface disturbance and infrastructure when compared to adults. Our results provide new insights into fine scale habitat-selection strategies used by female sage-grouse with broods in an area were oil and gas infrastructure is widespread and cannot be avoided.</p>
A meta-analysis investigating the effects of energy infrastructure proximity on grouse demography and space use
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Data for: Ruffed grouse roosting behaviour
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STR genotypes of 195 black grouse individuals
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Supporting data for assessing impacts of satellite GPS transmitters on survival, nesting propensity, and nest success of greater sage-grouse
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Data from: Annual variation in breeding success in boreal forest grouse
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Landscape features and seasonal habitat predicts lek-site selection and lek size of a <em>Tympanuchus</em> grouse
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Data from: Historical fire regimes and contemporary fire effects within sagebrush habitats of Gunnison Sage-grouse
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