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80 results for “heterosis”
Data from: Admixture increases performance of an invasive plant beyond first generation heterosis
1. Through its potential to enhance progeny performance, admixture (between-population crossing) may promote invasiveness of alien plants. The few studies that tested this idea found evidence for heterosis (positive effects of admixture) in the first generation (F1), but have not considered further generations. In this paper, we test whether admixture-benefits can be maintained in subsequent generations of an invasive plant. 2. We follow up on a previous study, in which we made crosses between plants of Mimulus guttatus from native- (western North America) and invaded-range populations (New Zealand and Scotland), and showed that admixture increases F1 performance. Here, we performed further crosses to create non-admixed progeny, F1 progeny resulting from within- and between-range admixture, and subsequent F2 progeny both through outcrossing and through self-fertilization. As heterosis, out- and inbreeding depression may depend on the environment, we assessed progeny-performance under benign (well-watered) and drought-stress conditions in a greenhouse experiment. 3. We found that non-admixed progeny of M. guttatus were outperformed by admixed progeny (averaged across F1 and F2), particularly by progeny from between-range admixture. However, the benefit of admixture was stronger in F1 than in F2 progeny, especially when the F2 was produced by self-fertilisation. The benefit of admixture also depended on the range of origin and the test environment. 4. Synthesis Our findings indicate that increased performance of admixed F1 progeny is partly maintained in the F2 progeny. Admixture might thus significantly boost performance of an invasive plant across multiple generations.
Data from: Loss of heterosis and family-dependent inbreeding depression in plant performance and resistance against multiple herbivores under drought stress
1. Inbreeding depression (ID), outbreeding depression (OD) and heterosis can occur concurrently in plant populations. ID often increases under environmental stress, but the combined effects of inbreeding, outbreeding between populations and environmental stress, such as drought, on plant performance and herbivore resistance remain unclear. 2. In order to determine environment-dependent and family-dependent ID, OD and heterosis we conducted a common garden experiment with plants from five populations of Brassica nigra. Inbred, within-population outbred and between-population outbred plant families were exposed to drought or ambient water levels. We recorded the abundance and damage caused by specialist herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds, i.e. the phloem-feeding Brevicoryne brassicae, the leaf-chewing Psylliodes chrysocephalus and the stem-boring Ceutorhynchus quadridens larvae. 3. Drought stress had negative effects on growth, herbivore resistance and resistance against B. brassicae and positive effects on investments in reproductive output and plant secondary metabolites (sinigrin). We found drought stress-induced loss of heterosis for plant height and investment in reproductive output. Between-population outbred plants were more sensitive to drought stress in terms of above-ground biomass compared to within-population outbred plants. 4. Drought and inbreeding synergistically negatively influenced traits related to growth and reproductive output (environment-dependent inbreeding depression, EDID). There was high variation among families within populations in the degree of ID and EDID. Genetic variation in EDID could buffer the negative effects of genetic stress associated with habitat fragmentation and concurrent environmental stress. In order to capture fully the effects of both inbreeding and between-population outbreeding under stress the different spatial scales of the effects of inbreeding and between-population outbreeding should be taken into account. 5. Synthesis. Our results indicate that drought stress influences not only inbreeding depression (ID), but also heterosis. These findings shed new light on the combined effects of anthropogenic environmental change and the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation on plants and their interactions with other organisms. Conservation programmes aiming to restore genetically degraded populations with the translocation of individuals between populations should consider environmental stress as a risk factor.
Heterosis counteracts hybrid breakdown to forestall speciation by parallel natural selection
<p>In contrast to ecological speciation, where reproductive isolation evolves as a consequence of divergent natural selection, speciation by parallel natural selection has been less thoroughly studied. To test whether parallel evolution drives speciation, we leveraged the repeated evolution of benthic and limnetic ecotypes of threespine stickleback fish and estimated fitness for pure crosses and within-ecotype hybrids in semi-natural ponds and in laboratory aquaria. In ponds, we detected hybrid breakdown in both ecotypes but this was counterbalanced by heterosis and the strength of post-zygotic isolation was nil. In aquaria, we detected heterosis only in limnetic crosses and breakdown in neither ecotype, suggesting that hybrid incompatibilities are environment-dependent for both ecotypes and that heterosis is environment-dependent in benthic crosses. Heterosis and breakdown were 3× greater in limnetic crosses than in benthic crosses, contrasting the prediction that the fitness consequences of hybridization should be greater in crosses among more derived ecotypes. Consistent with a primary role for stochastic processes, patterns differed among crosses between populations from different lakes. Yet, we observed qualitatively similar patterns of heterosis and hybrid breakdown in benthic crosses and limnetic crosses when averaging the lake pairs, suggesting that the outcome of hybridization is repeatable in a general sense.</p>
Data from: Loss of heterosis and family-dependent inbreeding depression in plant performance and resistance against multiple herbivores under drought stress
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Data from: Nonlinear phenotypic variation uncovers the emergence of heterosis in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Data from: Extensive heterosis in growth of yeast hybrids is explained by a combination of genetic models
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Data from: Genetic admixture and heterosis may enhance the invasiveness of common ragweed
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Data from: Effects of population size and isolation on heterosis, mean fitness, and inbreeding depression in a perennial plant
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Heterosis counteracts hybrid breakdown to forestall speciation by parallel natural selection
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Experimental admixture among geographically disjunct populations of an invasive plant yields a global mosaic of reproductive incompatibility and heterosis
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Data from: Heterosis and outbreeding depression in crosses between natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana
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Data from: Admixture increases performance of an invasive plant beyond first generation heterosis
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Data from: The evolutionary response of mating system to heterosis
Isolation allows populations to diverge and to fix different alleles. Deleterious alleles that reach locally high frequencies contribute to genetic load, especially in inbred or selfing populations, in which selection is relaxed. In the event of secondary contact, the recessive portion of the genetic load is masked in the hybrid offspring, producing heterosis. This advantage, only attainable through outcrossing, should favor evolution of greater outcrossing even if inbreeding depression has been purged from the contributing populations. Why, then, are selfing-to-outcrossing transitions not more common? To evaluate the evolutionary response of mating system to heterosis, we model two monomorphic populations of entirely selfing individuals, introduce a modifier allele that increases the rate of outcrossing, and investigate whether the heterosis among populations is sufficient for the modifier to invade and fix. We find that the outcrossing mutation invades for many parameter choices, but it rarely fixes unless populations harbor extremely large unique fixed genetic loads. Reversions to outcrossing become more likely as the load becomes more polygenic, or when the modifier appears on a rare background, such as by dispersal of an outcrossing genotype into a selfing population. More often, the outcrossing mutation instead rises to moderate frequency, which allows recombination in hybrids to produce superior haplotypes that can spread without the mutation's further assistance. The transience of heterosis can therefore explain why secondary contact does not commonly yield selfing-to-outcrossing transitions.
Data from: Mutational load, inbreeding depression and heterosis in subdivided populations
This paper examines the extent to which empirical estimates of inbreeding depression and inter-population heterosis in subdivided populations, as well as the effects of local population size on mean fitness, can be explained in terms of current estimates of mutation rates, and the distribution of selection coefficients against deleterious mutations provided by population genomics data. Using population genetics models, numerical predictions of the genetic load, inbreeding depression and heterosis were obtained for a broad range of selection coefficients and mutation rates. The models allowed for the possibility of very high mutation rates per nucleotide site, as is sometimes observed for epiallelic mutations in plants. There was fairly good quantitative agreement between the theoretical predictions and empirical estimates of heterosis and the effects of population size on genetic load, on the assumption that the deleterious mutation rate per individual per generation is approximately one, but there was less good agreement for inbreeding depression. Weak selection, of the order of magnitude suggested by population genomic data, is required to explain the observed patterns. Possible caveats concerning the applicability of the models are discussed.
Data from: The effect of inbreeding rate on fitness, inbreeding depression and heterosis over a range of inbreeding coefficients
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Data from: Mutational load, inbreeding depression and heterosis in subdivided populations
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Data from: Source population characteristics affect heterosis following genetic rescue of fragmented plant populations
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Data from: The evolutionary response of mating system to heterosis
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Parental pericentromeric methylation status drives methylome remodeling and heterosis in Arabidopsis hybrids
GEO Series GSE211719. Arabidopsis thaliana. 490 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing; Other; Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Genomic architecture of biomass heterosis in Arabidopsis
GEO Series GSE100595. Arabidopsis thaliana. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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