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FIGURE 16 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 16. Graph representing total length of femur versus total length of third metatarsal in the same individual of extant Crocuta crocuta and the three unique complete skeletons of Crocuta spelaea from three sites Koněprusy Cave (Diedrich, 2012a); Gargas (Cardoso, 1993) and Los Aprendices this work. Comparative measurements (in mm) have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. Confidence ellipse with confidence interval (0.95) is figured.
FIGURE 9 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 9. Graph representing total length versus total width of P4 of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from, Reynolds, 1902; Bonifay, 1971; Ballésio, 1979; Clot, 1980; Argant, 1991; Cardoso, 1993; Blasco and Montes, 1997; Fosse, 1997; Castaños, 1987; Baryshnikov, 1999; Altuna and Mariezkurrena, 2000; García, 2003; Testu, 2006; Fourvel, 2012; and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. Abbreviations: ATA, Atapuerca; Ag, Aguilón P-7; Ap, Los Aprendices; Mo, Mollet; Ol, Olopte B; L'Or Cova de l'Or; SI, Sima I. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured.
FIGURE 8 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 8. Bivariate graph representing the width of the condyles in relation to the total length of the cranium. Abbreviations:Ba, Badel Cave; BW, Bad Wildungen; Do, Döbritzer Cave; Ja, Jaurens; Ke, Ketsch; Pe, Perick Caves; Ro, Rösenbecker Cave; Th, Thiede; Oa, Oase Cave; Sr, Srbsko Cave; Vy, Výpustek Cave (Diedrich, 2011a); Sl, Sloup Cave (Diedrich, 2012b); Ga, Gargas (Cardoso, 1993); Lu, Lunel Viel (Bonifay, 1971). The measurements of the crania of extant C. crocuta specimens were taken by J.M.-M of the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) of Belgium.
FIGURE 3. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 3. 1, Elevation view of Los Aprendices Cave. 2, Plan view of Los Aprendices Cave. 3, Detailed elevation view of the hyena gallery showing the excavation grid. 4, Detailed plan view of the hyena gallery showing the excavation grid as well as how the squares that were excavated were coloured. 5, Sediment cone that blocks off the former entrance to the hyena gallery. Within it one can see the hyena level, from which the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea was recovered.
FIGURE 7. Crocuta spelaea hind limb remains from Los Aprendices. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 7. Crocuta spelaea hind limb remains from Los Aprendices. 1, right femur in caudal view (MPZ 2014/587). 2, left tibia in cranial view (MPZ 2014/681). 3, right tibia in cranial view (MPZ 2014/671). 4, left calcaneus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/677). 5, right calcaneus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/632). 6, left astragalus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/682). 7, left navicular in lateral view (MPZ 2014/625). 8, right cuboid in proximal view (MPZ 2014/ 623). 9, left cuboid in proximal view (MPZ 2014/ 629). 10, left first cuneiform in proximal view (MPZ 2014/62). 11-14, first phalanx in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/579, 580, 620, 624). 15, right Mtt V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/636). 16, right Mtt IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/635). 17, right Mtt III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/634). 18, right Mtt II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/633). 19, left Mtt II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/642). 20, left Mtt III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/643). 21, left Mtt IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/ 644). 22, left Mtt V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/645).
FIGURE 2. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 2. 1, Geographical situation of Los Aprendices Cave. 2, Panoramic view of the western slopes of the Peñas del Cabo. 3, Mouth of Los Aprendices Cave. 4, Main gallery of the cave.
FIGURE 12. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza
FIGURE 12. 1, Graph representing total length of femur versus distal width of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; Altuna and Mariezkurrena, 2000; Diedrich, 2011e. 2, Total length of tibia versus distal width of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from Reynolds, 1902; Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; Diedrich, 2011e; Fourvel, 2012. 3, Total length of third metatarsus versus smallest breadth (SD) of the diaphysis of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; García, 2003; Fourvel, 2012. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured.
Text-fig. 11. Photo of a cave hyena (C. crocuta spelaea) upper canine root cut. The approximate age of individual is 5 years (No 4 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková. in The Mammalian Fauna Of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 11. Photo of a cave hyena (C. crocuta spelaea) upper canine root cut. The approximate age of individual is 5 years (No 4 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková.
Text-fig. 12. Photo of a cave hyena (C. crocuta spelaea) lower canine root cut. The approximate age of individual is 9 years (No 5 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková. in The Mammalian Fauna Of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 12. Photo of a cave hyena (C. crocuta spelaea) lower canine root cut. The approximate age of individual is 9 years (No 5 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková.
Figure 7 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 7. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). A, frontal; B, occipital.
Figure 4 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 4. Original figure from Goldfuss (1810) of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany. The skull has a strong bite mark and pathology in the middle of the saggital crest (cf. Figs 6, 7).
Figure 6 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 6. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). A, ventral with lower jaws; B, ventral without lower jaws.
Figure 3 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 3. Original skull of the holotype of 'Hyena spelaea Goldfuss, 1823' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Goldfuss-Museum Bonn No. M2609). A, lateral right; B, ventral; C, occipital; D, dorsal.
Figure 5 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 5. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). Skull with bite mark and pathology on the middle of the saggital crest (cf. Figs 4, 9). A, lateral left with lower jaws; B, dorsal view with lower jaws. The bite mark on the right parietal and pathology is characteristic of this skull.
Figure 9. A in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 9. A, male lion with strong bite damage, which died in an early stage of the callus-healing process [holotype of P. l. spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany]. B, skull of a lioness with a partially healed bite scratch or braincase fracture [original lioness skeleton of P. l. spelaea (cf. Diedrich & Žák, 2006) from Srbsko, central Czech Republic].
Figure 2 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 2. Original figure of the holotype of 'Hyaena spelaea Goldfuss, 1823' from Goldfuss (1810) from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany. Skull is damaged on the left side and lacks most teeth (cf. Fig. 3).
Figure 8 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 8. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). Skull with bite mark and pathology on the middle of the saggital crest (cf. Figs 6, 7). 1. lower jaw composed of two different individuals. The right mandible is much larger and from a very old male, whereas the smaller left one seems to be from a lioness. A, right mandible, lateral; B, jaws, dorsal. 2, bite mark in the saggital crest and long scratch groove on the right parietal. The callus indicates that the animal survived for a short time after the bite.
Figure 10 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation
Figure 10. Ice Age spotted hyenas hauling injured male steppe lion carcass into their cave den (Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany) (Illustration: Rinaldino, 2007).
Data and code from: Three decades of wildlife-vehicle collisions in a protected area: main roads and long-distance commuting trips to migratory prey increase spotted hyena roadkills in the Serengeti
<p>This is the first release. Potential updates will be available on GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/MarwanNaciri/Three_decades_of_spotted_hyena_roadkill_in_a_protected_area">https://github.com/MarwanNaciri/Three_decades_of_spotted_hyena_roadkill_in_a_protected_area</a></p>
Long-term demography of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in a lion-depleted but prey-rich ecosystem
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