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Fig. 12 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Fig. 12. Female internal ectodermal genitalia in Corizus hyoscyami. b.g.c, basal part of gynatrial cone; a.g.c, apical part of gynatrial cone; l.p.g, lateral pouches of gynatrial sac. The basal part of gynatrial cone is shown in more or less dorso-ventral plane. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.

Fig. 6 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Fig. 6. Completely inflated aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus. Dry preparation in dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.14 mm

Figs 10, 11 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Figs 10, 11. Female terminalia in Rhopalus parumpunctatus. 10, external terminalia, ventral view; 11, internal ectodermal genitalia, dorsal view. b.g.c, basal part of gynatrial cone; a.g.c, apical part of gynatrial cone; gon, gonangulum; gp.I, gonapophysis I; f.d.w, fold on dorsal wall of basal part of gynatrial cone; gp.II, gonapophysis II; gx.VIII, gonocoxite VIII; gx.IX, gonocoxite IX; l.p.g, lateral pouches of gynatrial sac; lt.VIII, laterotergite VIII; lt.IX, laterotergite IX; prg, proctiger; sp.d, spermathecal duct. At fig. 10, the genital plates are shown somewhat driven apart and the inner margins of laterotergites IX are shown slightly turned ventrally; at fig. 11, the basal part of gynatrial cone is shown in more or less dorso-ventral plane. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.

Figs 4, 5 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Figs 4, 5. Aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus in intermediate stages of inflation.4, earlier stage of inflation; 5, somewhat later stage of inflation. Wet preparations in dorsal view. b.p.v., basal part of vesica; h.bd, hyaline band. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.

Figs 2, 3 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Figs 2, 3. Aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus. 2, at rest; 3, at very beginning of inflation. Wet preparations in dorsal view. a.p.v, apical part of vesica; ar.s, articular sclerite; d-l.l, dorso-lateral lobes of conjunctiva; ej.r, ejaculatory reservoir; l.l.v, left lobe of basal part of vesica; r.l.v, right lobe of basal part of vesica; s.gp, secondary gonopore. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.

Figs. 7–9. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n in Paraharmotrema karinganiense n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) infecting the intestine of serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus), east African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), and South African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa galeata) and a phylogenetic hypothesis for liolopid genera

Figs. 7–9. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) from the intestine of the intestine of the serrated hinged terrapin, Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838) (Pleurodira: Pelomedusidae). (7) Tegumental scales in antero-dextral ventral body surface, ventral view, light micrograph. (8) Tegumental scales on ventral body surface posterior to oral sucker, ventral view, light micrograph. (9) Tegumental scales in same position as in Fig. 8 (showing exposed tips of scales only), ventral view, scanning electron micrograph.

Figs. 5–6. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n in Paraharmotrema karinganiense n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) infecting the intestine of serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus), east African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), and South African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa galeata) and a phylogenetic hypothesis for liolopid genera

Figs. 5–6. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) from intestine of serrated hinged terrapin, Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838) (Pleurodira: Pelomedusidae). (5) Ventral sucker, ventral view, scanning electron micrograph. (6) Ventral sucker, ventral view, light micrograph.

Figs. 1–2. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n in Paraharmotrema karinganiense n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) infecting the intestine of serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus), east African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), and South African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa galeata) and a phylogenetic hypothesis for liolopid genera

Figs. 1–2. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae). (1) Body of adult (holotype, USNM No. 1659278) from intestine of serrated hinged terrapin, Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838) (Pleurodira: Pelomedusidae), ventral view. (2) Body of juvenile (paratype, USNM No. 1659285) from intestine of east African black mud turtle, Pelusios subniger (Bonnaterre, 1789) (Pleurodira: Pelomedusidae), dorsal view. Oral sucker (os), pharynx (ph), nerve commissure (nc), excretory system (es), sinistral caecum (sc), ventral sucker (vs), vitellarium (vr), cirrus sac (cs), metraterm (m), vas deferens (vd), anterior vas efferens (ave), anterior testis (at), uterus (u), posterior vas efferens (pve), ovary (o), posterior testis (pt), and excretory pore (ep).

Figs. 3–4. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n in Paraharmotrema karinganiense n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) infecting the intestine of serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus), east African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), and South African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa galeata) and a phylogenetic hypothesis for liolopid genera

Figs. 3–4. Paraharmotrema karinganiense Dutton & Bullard n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) from intestine of serrated hinged terrapin, Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838) (Pleurodira: Pelomedusidae). (3) Female genitalia (holotype, USNM No. 1659278), ventral view. (4) Male genitalia (holotype, USNM No. 1659278), ventral view. Egg (e), ovary (o), oviduct (ov), ootype (oo), uterus (u), primary vitelline reservoir (pvr), dextral caecum (dc), transverse vitelline duct (tvd), sinistral caecum (sc), dextral excretory branch (deb), posterior vas efferens (pve), sinistral excretory branch (seb), posterior testis (pt), cirrus sac (cs), pars prostatica (pp), secondary bipartite internal seminal vesicle (sbisv), cirrus (c), initial bipartite internal seminal vesicle (ibisv), common genital pore (cgp), metraterm (m), vitellarium (vr), and vas deferens (vd).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Extreme wildfire events analysis for dry pyrocloud hypothesis

Dataset for EWE to test the dry pyrocloud hypothesis. The files are Excel files from 182 extreme wildfires (EWE_globla.xlsx). From those fires, we extract extreme fire spread events to use in the research when we can reconstruct the vertical profile from the ERA5 ECMWF reanalysis data (fires_verticalprofile.xlsx) and the accurate rate of spread from observations (fire_spread_events.xlsx). The dataset contains two videos ilustratingthe concept of dry pyrocloud The dataset contains a variable explanatory document ('Table of variables on the dataset. docx') The dataset contains a README file to guide the use of code contained in the Demo ZIP The demo ZIP contains the phyton codes to obtain the fire-spread-events variables and a DEMO fire to test the codes. The fire is the Santa Coloma wildfire from 24 and 25 of July 2021 in Catalonia, SPAIN.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data and code for: Pneumococcus co-colonization and the stress-gradient-hypothesis

Pneumococcus serotype co-colonization, caused by the polymorphic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been increasingly investigated and reported in recent years. Yet, there is limited information on how co-colonization patterns vary globally, critical for understanding the evolution and transmission dynamics of these bacteria. Here we report on a rich dataset of cross-sectional pneumococcal colonization studies collected from the literature, where we quantified patterns of transmission intensity and co-colonization variation in children populations across different epidemiological settings. Fitting these data to an SIS model with co-colonization under the assumption of quasi-neutrality among multiple interacting strains, our analysis reveals strong patterns of negative co-variation between transmission intensity R0 and susceptibility to co-colonization k, in support of the stress-gradient-hypothesis (SGH) in ecology. According to this hypothesis, ecological interactions between organisms shift positively as environmental stress increases. In our model higher environmental stress is represented via lower values of the basic reproduction number R0, and a shift towards positive interactions is represented via higher vulnerability to co-colonization (higher k) between pneumococcus serotypes.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Why tyrannosaurid forelimbs were so short: An integrative hypothesis

Fig. 1. The mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905, in the atrium of the Valley Life Sciences Building at the University of California, Berkeley based mainly on the relatively complete skeleton in the Museum of the Rockies (MOR 555), collected from the latest Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana, USA. Courtesy University of California Museum of Paleontology and the Regents of the University of California. For details see text.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

TABLE 1 in Skeletal reconstruction of fossil vertebrates as a process of hypothesis testing and a source of anatomical and palaeobiological inferences

TABLE 1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (Schneider et al. 2012). The median ratio was used to determine that the expected length of phalanx I-1 for UALVP 42 was approximately 88.45% the length of phalanx I-1 in UALVP 16248. The digital model was scaled accordingly for the reconstruction.<table><thead><tr><th>Specimen</th><th>Taxon</th><th>Ratio</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>AMNH 5351 cast (right foot)</th><td>Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905)</td><td>1.021</td></tr><tr><th>CMN 8547</th><td>Indeterminate chasmosaurine</td><td>0.986</td></tr><tr><th>TMP 2002.076.0001</th><td>Indeterminate pachyrinosaurin</td><td>0.893</td></tr><tr><th>CMN 41357</th><td>Vagaceratops irvinensis (Holmes Holmes, Forster, Ryan & Shepherd, 2001)</td><td>0.885</td></tr><tr><th>TMP 1989.097.0001</th><td>Styracosaurus albertensis Lambe, 1913</td><td>0.883</td></tr><tr><th>AMNH 5351 cast (left foot)</th><td>Centrosaurus apertus</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><th>Median</th><td>–</td><td>0.889</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Cracks in the mirror hypothesis: high specularity does not reduce detection or predation risk

Some animals, including certain fish, beetles, spiders and Lepidoptera chrysalises, have such shiny or glossy surfaces that they appear almost mirror-like. A compelling but unsubstantiated hypothesis is that a highly specular or mirror-like appearance enhances survival by reflecting the surrounding environment and reducing detectability. We tested this hypothesis by asking human participants to wear a mobile eye-tracking device and locate highly realistic mirror-green and diffuse-green replica beetles against a variety of backgrounds in a natural forest environment. We also tested whether a mirror-like appearance enhances survival to wild predators by monitoring survival of mirror-green and diffuse-green replica beetles in a forested habitat and an open habitat. Human participants showed no difference in the detection probability or detection latency of mirror versus diffuse replica beetles, indicating that mirror-like appearance does not impair prey capture. The field predation experiment found no difference in survival between the mirror and diffuse replica beetles in forested environments. Similarly, there was no difference in survival when beetles were deployed in open habitat where there is no background to reflect, indicating that predators detect and do not actively avoid mirror-like beetles. Our results suggest that a mirror-like appearance does not reduce attack by predators. Instead, highly specular, mirror-like surfaces may have evolved for an alternate visual function or as a secondary consequence of selection for a non-visual function, such as thermoregulation.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Fig. 17. Phylogenetic hypothesis using nuclear gene sequences TMO-4C4 and 18S in A New Genus and Species of Pygmy Pipehorse from Taitokerau Northland, Aotearoa New Zealand, with a Redescription of Acentronura Kaup, 1853 and Idiotropiscis Whitley, 1947 (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)

Fig. 17. Phylogenetic hypothesis using nuclear gene sequences TMO-4C4 and 18S retrieved with Maximum Likelihood (ML), Maximum Parsimony (MP), and Bayesian Inference (MrBayes), representing 17 species from clade 6 from the analysis of Hamilton et al. (2017) and the new taxon. Tree rooted with the southern Australian trunk-brooder pipefish Heraldia nocturna. Nodal support at the generic level is shown in ML/MP/MrBayes order. See Data Accessibility for tree file.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data for: A hypothesis for robust polarization vision: An example from the Australian Imperial Blue butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras

The Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, has iridescent wings that are sexually dimorphic in both spectral reflection and degree of polarization, suggesting that these wing properties are likely to be important in mate recognition. We first describe the results of a field experiment showing that free-flying individuals of J. evagoras discriminate between visual stimuli that vary in polarization content in blue wavelengths but not in others. We then present detailed reflectance spectrophotometry measurements of the polarization content of male and female wings, showing that female wings exhibit blue-shifted reflectance, with a lower degree of polarization relative to male wings. Finally, we describe a novel method for measuring alignment of ommatidial arrays: By measuring variation of depolarized eyeshine intensity from patches of ommatidia as a function of eye rotation, we show that a) individual rhabdoms contain mutually perpendicular microvilli; b) many rhabdoms in the array are rotated with respect to one another by as much as 45º; c) the rotated ommatidia are useful for robust polarization detection. By mapping the distribution of the ommatidial rotations in eye patches of J. evagoras, we show that males and females exhibit differences in the extent to which ommatidia are aligned. Both the number of rotated ommatidia suitable for robust polarization-detection, and the number of aligned ommatidia suitable for edge-detection, vary with respect to both sex and eye-patch elevation. Thus, J. evagoras exhibits finely-tuned ommatidial arrays suitable for perception of polarized signals, likely to match sex-specific life history differences in the utility of polarized signals.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

An experimental test of the Growth Rate Hypothesis as a predictive framework for microevolutionary adaptation

The growth rate hypothesis (GRH), a central concept of ecological stoichiometry, posits that the relative body phosphorus content of an organism is positively related to somatic growth rate as protein synthesis, which is necessary for growth, requires P-rich rRNA and has strong support at the interspecific level. Here, we explore the use of the GRH to predict microevolutionary responses in consumer body stoichiometry. For this, we subjected zooplankton populations to selection for fast population growth (PGR) in P-rich (HPF) and P-poor (LPF) food environments. With common garden transplant experiments, we demonstrate that in HP populations evolution towards increased PGR was concomitant with an increase in relative phosphorus content. In contrast, LP populations evolved higher PGR without an increase in relative phosphorus content. We conclude that the GRH has the potential to predict microevolutionary change, but that its application is contingent on the environmental context. Our results highlight the potential of cryptic evolution in determining the performance response of populations to elemental limitation of their food resources.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Investigating the "two-hit hypothesis": effects of prenatal maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabis use on neurodevelopment in mice

Prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) and chronic adolescent cannabis use have both been identified as environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most individuals exposed to a single risk factor do not typically develop major mental illness, which suggests that multiple exposures may be required for illness onset. Here, we examine whether combined exposure to prenatal MIA and adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, lead to enduring neuroanatomical and behavioural changes in adult offspring, potentially reflecting changes in humans indicative of mental illness.  Mice were prenatally exposed to a viral mimetic, poly I:C (5mg/kg), or vehicle at gestational day (GD)9, and then postnatally exposed to chronic THC (5mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injections during adolescent development (postnatal day [PND]28-45). Longitudinal in vivo whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed pre-treatment, PND25, post-treatment, PND50, and in adulthood, PND85, followed by a series of behavioural tests aimed at assessing anxiety-like and locomotor, social, and sensorimotor gating behaviour. Post-mortem assessment of cannabinoid (CB)1 and 2 receptor expressing cells was performed in developmentally altered regions identified by MRI (anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortices, striatum, and hippocampus). We hypothesized that there would be differential, but synergistic effects of each exposure. Briefly, we found subtle deviations in neurodevelopmental trajectory and subthreshold anxiety-like behaviours were observed in mice exposed to both risk factors. Sex-dependent effects were observed in patterns of shared brain-behaviour covariation, suggesting that exposure to MIA and THC may affect males and females in different ways. Density of CB1 and CB2 receptor positive cells was significantly decreased in all regions assessed for all mice exposed to either one or both risk factors, relative to controls. These findings suggest that there may be a cumulative effect of risk factor exposure on gross neuroanatomical and behavioural development, and that the endocannabinoid system may be sensitive to both prenatal MIA, adolescent THC, or the combination. For full details, see our publication: . In this dataset, you will find a total of 243 preprocessed structural MRIs (in MINC format) acquired at postnatal day ~25, ~50, and ~85 in mice exposed to poly I:C or vehicle control (0.9% sterile saline) at GD9, and then postnatally treated with vehicle or THC from PND 28-45. These are T1-weighted structural images at 100 micron isotropic resolution acquired on a 7 Tesla Bruker Biospec 70/30; matrix size of 180 x 160 x 90; 14.5 minutes, 20 degrees and TE/TR of 4.5/20 ms (2 averages, ~14 minutes). Anesthesia was induced with 3% isoflurane in oxygen and a (0.075 mg/kg bolus) dexmedetomidine injection. Anesthesia was maintained during the scan between 1.5-0.5% isoflurane, and a constant infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.05mg/kg/h continuous mg/kg during scan). T1-weighted scans were preprocessed by stripping native coordinates, flipping left-right to maintain fidelity, denoising, correcting inhomogeneities in the bias field using the N4 algorithm, and registering in LSQ6 alignment (i.e. 6 degrees of freedom are allowed for imagine alignment: translations and rotations along x, y, and z dimensions). The demographics information for each animal is included in the demographics.csv file.  Behavioural tests were performed following the postnatal day 85 scans in all animals with a 2 day rest period. These include: open field test, three chambered social approach, and prepulse inhibition. The data for all of these tests is presented in its own individual .csv spreadsheet. Included in this data set are the structural MRIs in MINC format, the behavioural .csv data, and a readme.txt file providing further detail on the data structure and content, and on how to interpret the data column titles. DICOMS are also available for the structural MRI data, as are the raw (not-preprocessed) MINC files, available upon request to the authors.  Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the funding bodies that supported the completion of this work including the Canadian Institute for Health Research, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé, and the Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives at McGill University.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis

The large grove-forming tropical tree Microberlinia bisulcata (Fabaceae subfamily Detarioideae) at Korup, Cameroon, shows strong mast fruiting. Reproductive allocation is considerable. The site has very nutrient-poor soil. To test the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis, phenological recordings between 1989 and 2017 were matched with climate variables and analyzed using logistic time-series regression. Masting happened mostly on 2- or 3-year cycles. A strong predictor was mean daily rainfall in the dry season: low in the current year of masting and high in the year prior. Less strongly predictive was the increase in dry season radiation between prior and mast years. Masting events showed no relationship to annual stem increment, nor with local plantation yields. Later, the normally heavy mastings became moderate after two attacks by caterpillars. Collated studies of fallen leaf nutrient concentrations showed that P increased markedly, K rose and fell, but N and Mg changed little, in the inter-mast interval. P and K were likely being accumulated and stored and then triggered masting events when internal thresholds were crossed. The drier season prior to masting enabled a rise in C, and the wetter season the year before, with higher soil moisture, enabled better acquisition and uptake of nutrients by roots and mycorrhizas. The main storage of P may be in bark and branches, that for K on soil organic-colloids. A rooting-fruiting trade-off in C allocated over a minimal 2-year cycle is implied. The hypothesis is that synchrony among masting trees may be achieved, in part, by equilibration of P across the mycorrhizal network. The long-term driver appears to be the inherent year-to-year stochasticity of dry-season rainfall, the realization of which leads to an important refinement of the hypothesis. Life history strategy linked to nutrient resource dynamics provides a plausible explanation and more advanced hypothesis for the masting events observed.