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60 results for “incipient speciation”
Data from: Strong premating reproductive isolation drives incipient speciation in Mimulus aurantiacus
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Limited genetic parallelism underlies recent, repeated incipient speciation in geographically proximate populations of an Arctic fish (Salvelinus alpinus)
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Data from: Incipient ecological speciation between successional varieties of a dominant tree involves intrinsic postzygotic isolating barriers
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No evidence for incipient speciation by selfing in North American Arabidopsis lyrata
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Data from: A probable case of incipient speciation in Schizocosa wolf spiders driven by allochrony, habitat use and female mate choice
There is growing evidence that speciation can occur between populations that are not geographically isolated. The emergence of assortative mating is believed to be critical to this process, but how assortative mating arises in diverging populations is poorly understood. The wolf spider genus Schizocosa has become a model system for studying mechanisms of assortative mating. We conducted a series of experiments to identify the factors that control mate pair formation in a Schizocosa population that includes both ornamented and non-ornamented males. We show that the population also includes two previously unrecognised female phenotypes. One female phenotype mates mostly or exclusively with ornamented males, and the other mates mostly or exclusively with unornamented males. Assortative mating within these groups is maintained by differences in maturation time, microhabitat use, and female mate preference. We conclude that the population is not a single species as previously believed, but rather an incipient species pair with multiple overlapping mechanisms of reproductive isolation. The identification of a new incipient species pair in the well-studied and rapidly speciating Schizocosa clade presents new opportunities for the study of speciation without geographic isolation.
Data from: Incipient allochronic speciation in the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
A plausible case of allochronic differentiation, where barrier to gene flow is primarily due to a phenological shift, was recently discovered in Portugal for the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Previous results suggested that the observed "summer population" (SP) originated from the sympatric winter population (WP). Our objectives were to finely analyse these patterns and test their stability in time, through field monitoring and genetic analyses of larvae and adults across different years. Reproductive activity never overlapped between SP and WP. Microsatellites showed a clear differentiation of the SP, consistent with a strong reduction of gene flow due to the phenological shift. Assignment tests suggested that some individuals shift from the SP to the WP phenology, causing some hybridization. We discuss these patterns and their maintenance over time. This could be a first stage of allochronic speciation and SP should be considered as a distinct phenological race.
Data from: Incipient speciation driven by hypertrophied lips in Midas cichlids fish?
Sympatric speciation has been debated in evolutionary biology for decades. Although it has gained in acceptance recently, still only a handful of empirical examples are seen as valid (e.g. crater lake cichlids). In this study, we disentangle the role of hypertrophied lips in the repeated adaptive radiations of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. We assessed the role of disruptive selection and assortative mating during the early stages of divergence and found a functional trade-off in feeding behavior between thick- and thin-lipped ecotypes suggesting that this trait is a target of disruptive selection. Thick-lipped fish perform better on non-evasive prey at the cost of a poorer performance on evasive prey. Using enclosures in the wild, we found that thick-lipped fish perform significantly better in rocky than in sandy habitats. We found almost no mixed pairs during two breeding seasons and hence significant assortative mating. Genetic differentiation between ecotypes seems to be related to the time since colonization, being subtle in L. Masaya (1600 generations ago) and absent in the younger L. Apoyeque (<600 generations ago). Genome-wide differentiation between ecotypes was higher in the old source lakes than in the young crater lakes. Our results suggest that hypertrophied lips might be promoting incipient sympatric speciation through divergent selection (ecological divergence in feeding performance) and non-random mating (assortative mating) in the young Nicaraguan crater lakes. Nonetheless, further manipulative experiments are needed in order to confirm the role of hypertrophied lips as the main cue for assortative mating.
Data from: Divergence is focused on few genomic regions early in speciation: incipient speciation of sunflower ecotypes
Early in speciation, when populations are undergoing the transition from local adaptation to incipient species, is when a number of transient, but potentially important, processes appear to be most easily detected. These include signatures of selective sweeps that can point to asymmetry in selection between habitats, divergence hitchhiking and associations of adaptive genes with environments. In a genomic comparison of ecotypes of the prairie sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris, occurring at Great Sand Dunes National Park (Colorado), we found that selective sweeps were mainly restricted to the dune ecotype and that there was variation across the genome in whether proximity to the non-dune population constrained or promoted divergence. The major regions of divergence were few and large between ecotypes, in contrast with an interspecific comparison between H. petiolaris and a sympatric congener, H. annuus. In general, the large regions of divergence observed in the ecotypic comparison swamped locus-specific associations with environmental variables. In both comparisons, regions of high divergence occurred in portions of the genetic map with high marker density, probably reflecting regions of low recombination. The difference in genomic distributions of highly divergent regions between ecotypic and interspecific comparisons highlights the value of studies spanning the spectrum of speciation in related taxa.
Data from: The quantitative genetics of incipient speciation: heritability and genetic correlations of skeletal traits in populations of diverging Favia fragum ecomorphs.
Recent speciation events provide potential opportunities to understand the microevolution of reproductive isolation. We used a marker-based approach and a common garden to estimate the additive genetic variation in skeletal traits in a system of two ecomorphs within the coral species Favia fragum: a Tall ecomorph that is a seagrass specialist, and a Short ecomorph that is most abundant on coral reefs. Considering both ecomorphs, we found significant narrow-sense heritability (h²) in a suite of measurements that define corallite architecture, and could partition additive and non-additive variation for some traits. We found positive genetic correlations for homologous height and length measurements among different types of vertical plates (costosepta) within corallites, but negative correlations between height and length within, as well as between costosepta. Within ecomorphs, h² estimates were generally lower, compared to the combined ecomorph analysis. Marker-based estimates of h² were comparable to broad-sense heritability (H) obtained from parent-offspring regressions in a common garden for most traits, and similar genetic co-variance matrices for common garden and wild populations may indicate relatively small G × E interactions. The patterns of additive genetic variation in this system invite hypotheses of divergent selection or genetic drift as potential evolutionary drivers of reproductive isolation.
Data from: Genetics of incipient speciation in Drosophila mojavensis. III. Life history divergence in allopatry and reproductive isolation
We carried out a three-tiered genetic analysis of egg-to-adult development time and viability in ancestral and derived populations of cactophilic D. mojavensis to test the hypothesis that evolution of these life history characters has shaped premating reproductive isolation in this species. First, a common garden experiment with 11 populations from Baja California and mainland Mexico and Arizona reared on two host cacti revealed significant host plant X region and population interactions for viability and development time. Second, replicated line crosses with cactus-reared flies revealed autosomal, X chromosome, cytoplasmic, and autosome X cactus influences on development time. Third, a QTL analysis of development time differences on 1688 Baja X mainland F2 males revealed eight QTL. Eight GxE interactions were also detected, caused by longer development times associated with mainland alleles reared a mainland host with smaller differences among Baja genotypes on a Baja host plant. Four QTL influenced both development time and cuticular hydrocarbon differences associated with courtship success, and there was a significant QTL-based correlation between development time and cuticular hydrocarbon variation. Thus, the regional shifts in life histories that evolved once D. mojavensis invaded mainland Mexico from Baja California by shifting host plants were genetically correlated with variation in cuticular hydrocarbon-based mate preferences.
Data from: Post-glacial habitat release and incipient speciation in the genus Delphinus
The role of ecological and changing environmental factors in the radiation of species diversity is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. Of particular interest is the potential for these factors to determine the boundary between what we would consider differentiation among populations and incipient speciation. Dolphins in the genus Delphinus provide a useful test case, exhibiting morphological variation in beak length, coloration and body size across their wide geographic distribution, and in particular among coastal and more pelagic habitats. Two species have been proposed, D. delphis and D. capensis, but morphologically similar allopatric populations are not monophyletic, indicating that the mostly coastal 'long-beaked' D. capensis form is not a single globally distributed species. However, the sympatric populations in the Eastern North Pacific currently designated as these two species are both morphologically and genetically differentiated. Here we use microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA markers to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms that led to this incipient speciation event. We used coalescent and assignment methods to investigate the timing and extent of reproductive isolation. Our data indicate that although there is some level of on-going gene flow, the putative species found in the Eastern North Pacific are reciprocally monophyletic. The timing of isolation appears to be associated with regional changes in paleoceanographic conditions within the Holocene timeframe.
Incipient speciation and the impact on taxonomic decision: a case study using a sky island sister species pair of stag beetle (Lucanus; Lucanidae)
<p class="BodyA">Species delimitation can be difficult when the divergence between focal taxa falls in the incipient stage of speciation, because conflicting results are expected among different data sets and the species limit may differ depending on the applied species concept. We studied the speciation history and investigated the impact on taxonomic decision when using different data types in a Taiwanese endemic sister species pair of stag beetle, <i>Lucanus miwai </i>and <i>L. yulaoensis</i>, from sky island habitats. We showed that the two geographical taxa can be diagnosed by male mandibular shape. We found two mitochondrial <i>co1</i> lineages with pairwise sequence divergence > 3 %; however, <i>L. miwai</i> may not be monophyletic. Our multispecies coalescent based species delimitation result using five nuclear loci supported the evolutionary independence of the two sister species, but the calculated values of genealogical divergence index (<i>gdi</i>) corresponded to the species delimitation ambiguous zone. We further showed that post divergence gene flow is unlikely. Our study demonstrates challenges in incipient species delineation, but shows the importance of understanding the speciation history and integrative approaches to reconcile seemingly conflicting results before making evolutionarily relevant taxonomic decisions.</p>
FIGURE 8 in Incipient speciation in allopatric Etheostoma rupestre (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) lineages, with the description of three new subspecies
FIGURE 8. Male pigmentation of A) Etheostoma rupestre rupestre—47 mm SL, Cottondale Creek, County Road 32, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (photo by K. Boone), B) E. r. piersoni—61 mm SL, Chilatchee Creek, Highway 5, 1 mile north of Alberta, Alabama (photo by K. Boone), and C) E. r. uphapeense—45 mm SL, Opintlocco Creek, County Highway 20, ~3 miles East of Tuskegee, Alabama (Photo by B. Hilburn).
FIGURE 6 in Incipient speciation in allopatric Etheostoma rupestre (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) lineages, with the description of three new subspecies
FIGURE 6. Biplot of first and second principal components from Procrustes coordinates generated from geometric morphometric analysis of Etheostoma rupestre subspecies (n = 45; PC1 = 24.5% variance explained, PC2 = 18.7% variance explained).
FIGURE 3 in Incipient speciation in allopatric Etheostoma rupestre (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) lineages, with the description of three new subspecies
FIGURE 3. Locations of landmarks used in geometric morphometric analysis on specimens of Etheostoma rupestre (1: nare, 2: nape, 3: first dorsal-fin origin, 4: 9th dorsal spine insertion, 5: second dorsal-fin origin, 6: 7th dorsal ray insertion, 7: posterior insertion of dorsal fin, 8: caudal fin insertion on dorsum, 9: center edge of hypural plate, 10: caudal fin insertion on ventrum, 11: posterior insertion of anal fin, 12: 5th anal fin element, 13: anal fin origin, 14: pelvic fin origin, 15: tip of lower jaw, 16: tip of upper jaw, 17: posterior edge of maxilla, 18: lower pectoral fin insertion, 19: upper pectoral fin insertion.
FIGURE 4 in Incipient speciation in allopatric Etheostoma rupestre (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) lineages, with the description of three new subspecies
FIGURE 4. First and second principal components for meristic data for the three subspecies of Etheostoma rupestre. Variable loadings for each principle component are as follows: PC1—lateral line scales: -0.43, scales above lateral line: -0.47, scales below lateral line: -0.47, caudal peduncle scales: -0.44, dorsal spines: -0.21, dorsal rays: -0.05, nape squamation: 0.21, belly squamation: 0.30; PC2—lateral line scales: 0.12, scales above the lateral line: 0.20, scales below the lateral line: 0.14, caudal peduncle scales: 0.14, dorsal spines: 0.21, dorsal rays: 0.19, nape squamation: 0.71, belly squamation: 0.58.
FIGURE 2 in Incipient speciation in allopatric Etheostoma rupestre (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) lineages, with the description of three new subspecies
FIGURE 2. Locations of museum material examined that possessed lat/long coordinates. Dark grey background shading indicates the boundaries of the Mobile Basin and colored shading indicates geographic ranges of each subspecies within the Mobile Basin to which Etheostoma rupestre is endemic. Populations delimited as E. r. rupestre in the current study but for which some taxonomic uncertainty remains are also indicated.
FIGURE 1. Cytochrome-b in Incipient speciation in allopatric Etheostoma rupestre (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) lineages, with the description of three new subspecies
FIGURE 1. Cytochrome-b phylogeny (modified from Janosik et al. [2023] with permission from Springer Nature Publishing Company; subject to associated copyright policy) displaying the three allopatric lineages of Etheostoma rupestre. Bayesian posterior probabilities are displayed on the nodes. EU296687.1 is a GenBank individual from Piller et al. (2008). Individuals that did not sort into the three major clades may indicate incomplete lineage sorting or recent gene exchange between lineages.
Data from: Genetics of incipient speciation in Drosophila mojavensis. III. Life history divergence in allopatry and reproductive isolation
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Data from: Incipient allochronic speciation in the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
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