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150 results for “increasing temperature”
Warming effects of spring rainfall increase methane emissions from thawing permafrost: Site-level data from bog complex IV - Soil Temperatures 2014-2016
Methane emissions regulate the near-term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice-rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer, and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes. All site-level data from the studied bog, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data referenced in the published manuscript are available in the LTER data repository. These data are related to the following data package: Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 2013-2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4fabab3846113a1866b06f1b3d6d52a3).
Elevated temperature increases genome-wide selection on de novo mutations
<p>Adaptation in new environments depends on the amount of genetic variation available for evolution, and the efficacy by which natural selection discriminates among this variation. However, whether some ecological factors reveal more genetic variation, or impose stronger selection pressures than others, is typically not known. Here, we apply enzyme kinetic theory to show that rising global temperatures are predicted to intensify natural selection throughout the genome by increasing the effects of DNA sequence variation on protein stability. We test this prediction by i) estimating temperature-dependent fitness effects of induced mutations in seed beetles adapted to ancestral or elevated temperature, ii) calculate 100 paired selection estimates on mutations in benign versus stressful environments from unicellular and multicellular organisms. Environmental stress per se did not increase mean selection on de novo mutation, suggesting that the cost of adaptation does not generally increase in new ecological settings to which the organism is maladapted. However, elevated temperature increased the mean strength of selection on genome-wide polymorphism, signified by increases in both mutation load and mutational variance in fitness. These results have important implications for genetic diversity gradients and the rate and repeatability of evolution under climate change.</p>
Sexual selection buffers the negative consequences of population fragmentation on adaptive plastic responses to increasing temperatures
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Whether sexual selection facilitates or hampers the ability to plastically respond to novel environments might depend on population structure, via its effects on </span><span>sexual interactions and associated fitness payoffs</span><span>. Using experimentally evolved lines </span><span>of the seed beetle <em>Callosobruchus maculatus,</em> we tested whether individuals evolving under different sexual selection (monogamy vs polygamy) and population spatial structure (metapopulation vs undivided populations) treatments differed in their response across developmental thermal conditions (control, hot or stressful) in a range of fitness and fitness-associated traits. We found that individuals from subdivided populations had lower lifetime reproductive success (LRS) at hot temperatures, but only in lines evolving under relaxed sexual selection, revealing a complex interaction between sexual selection, population structure, and thermal environmental stress on fitness. We also found an effect of population structure on several traits, including fertility and adult emergence success, under exposure to high thermal conditions. Finally, we found a strong negative effect of hot and stressful temperatures in fitness and associated traits. Our results show that population structure can exacerbate the impact of a warming climate, potentially leading to declines in population viability, but that sexual selection can buffer the negative influence of population subdivision on adaptation to warm temperatures</span><span>.</span></p>
Dataset for plots and results in manuscript: "Reliance on fossil fuels increases during extreme temperature events in the continental United States"
<p>These are the dataset for plots and results in the manuscript titled "Reliance on fossil fuels increases during extreme temperature events in the continental United States".</p><p>Figure 1,2,3,4,5 are the dataset used for analysis and plotting the figures in the manuscript.</p><p>Other dataset are the 34 years' air temperature and population-weighted air temperature thresholds for detecting extreme temperature events in each U.S. states. For example, Ta_threshold(1990-2023)_99th_percentiles.csv is the 99th percentiles for each U.S. states.</p><p>Any questions and further assitance or collaborations are welcome to contact through: wz2481@columbia.edu, happystillwaterzhao@gmail.com</p><p> </p><p> </p>
Small increases in ambient temperature reduce offspring body mass in an equatorial mammal
<p class="MsoNormal">Human-induced climate change is leading to temperature rises, along with increases in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. Many animals respond to high temperatures through behavioural thermoregulation, for example by resting in the shade, but this may impose opportunity costs by reducing foraging time (therefore energy supply), and so may be most effective when food is abundant. However, the heat dissipation limit theory (HDL) proposes that even when energy supply is plentiful, high temperatures can still have negative effects. This is because dissipating excess heat becomes harder, which limits processes that generate heat such as lactation. We tested predictions from HDL on a wild, equatorial population of banded mongooses (<em>Mungos mungo</em>). In support of HDL, higher ambient temperatures led to lighter pups, and increasing food availability made little difference to pup weight under hotter conditions. This suggests that direct physiological constraints rather than opportunity costs of behavioural thermoregulation explain the negative impact of high temperatures on pup growth. Our results indicate that climate change may be particularly important for equatorial species, which often experience high temperatures year-round so cannot time reproduction to coincide with cooler conditions.</p>
Data and code for: Does increasing temperature accentuate disease impacts on fisheries species? A meta-analysis
<p>Rapid warming could drastically alter host-parasite relationships, which is especially important for fisheries crucial to human nutrition and economic livelihoods; yet we lack a synthetic understanding of how warming influences parasite-induced mortality in these systems. We conducted a meta-analysis using 301 effect sizes from 60 empirical papers on harvested aquatic species and determined the relationship between parasite-induced host mortality and temperature and how this relationship was altered by host, parasite and study design traits. Overall, temperature increased parasite-induced host mortality; however, the magnitude and sometimes direction of this relationship varied. Hosts from the order Salmoniformes experienced a greater increase in parasite-induced mortality with temperature than average. Opportunistic parasites were correlated with a greater increase in host mortality with temperature than average, while bacterial parasite-induced mortality was lower than average as temperature increased. Thus, parasites will generally increase host mortality as the environment warms; however, this effect will vary among systems.</p>
Dataset for "The effects of increasing coupling frequency and considering skin temperature on the simulation by CAS-ESM2"
<p>This dataset is the simulation for the manuscript "The effects of increasing coupling frequency and considering skin temperature on the simulation by CAS-ESM2" submitted to JGR-Atmospheres.</p>
Nitrogen fertilization and high plant growing temperature increase herbivore performance
<p>Global environmental change exerts growing pressure on biodiversity. Anthropogenic climate and land use change are particularly important drivers of biodiversity loss. While their effects on biodiversity have been widely studied individually, interactions among them are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of two common drivers of global change, increased temperature and nitrogen fertilization, on host-plant quality and herbivore performance in the butterfly <i>Lycaena tityrus</i>. We show that butterfly performance was positively affected by plants grown at increased temperatures and nitrogen fertilization, the latter being in line with the nitrogen limitation hypothesis. Effects were largely consistent across treatments, i.e. nitrogen deposition and temperature did not interact strongly to affect herbivore performance. Overall, females suffered more strongly than males from poor host-plant quality. Our study demonstrates changes in host-plant quality caused by variation in temperature and nitrogen availability, which induced indirect effects in an herbivore. Such indirect effects of global environmental change are an important source of variation and should be considered in order to reduce uncertainties with regard to the effects of global change on biodiversity.</p>
How riparian and floodplain restoration modify the effects of increasing temperature on adult salmon spawner abundance in the Chehalis, River, WA
<p>Model code (R) to accompany the manuscript "How riparian and floodplain restoration modify the effects of increasing temperature on adult salmon spawner abundance in the Chehalis River, WA", PLOS ONE.</p>
Elevated temperature increases reproductive investment in less preferred mates in the invasive European corn borer moth
<p>Rapidly changing environments may weaken sexual selection and lead to indiscriminate mating by interfering with the reception of mating signals or by increasing the costs associated with mate choice. If temperature alters sexual selection, it may impact population response and adaptation to climate change. Here, we examine how differences in temperature of the mating environment influence reproductive investment in the European corn borer moth (<i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>). Mate preference in this species is known to be related to pheromone usage, with assortative mating occurring between genetically distinct E- and Z-strains that differ in the composition of female and male pheromones. We compared egg production within and between corn borer lines derived from four different populations that vary in pheromone composition and other traits. Pairs of adults were placed in a mating environment that matched the pupal environment (ambient temperature) or at elevated temperature (5ºC above the pupal environment). At ambient temperature, we found that within-line pairs produced eggs sooner and produced more egg clusters than between-line pairs. However, at elevated temperature, between-line pairs produced the same number of egg clusters as within-line pairs. These results suggest that elevated temperature increased investment in matings with typically less preferred, between-line mates. This increased investment could result in changes in gene flow among corn borer populations in warming environments.</p>
Data from: Declining temperature and increasing moisture sensitivity of shrub growth in the Low-Arctic erect dwarf-shrub tundra of western Greenland
<p>Evergreen dwarf shrubs respond swiftly to warming in the cool and dry High Arctic, but their response in the warmer Low Arctic, where they are expected to be outcompeted by taller species under future warming, remains to be clarified.</p> <p>Here, 12,528 annual growth increments, covering 122 years (1893-2014), were measured of 764 branches from 25 individuals of the evergreen dwarf shrub <em>Cassiope tetragona </em>from a Low-Arctic erect dwarf-shrub tundra site in western Greenland. In addition, branch initiation and mortality frequency time series were developed. The influence of seasonal climate and correspondence with fluctuations in regional normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a satellite proxy for vegetation productivity, were studied.</p> <p>Summer temperatures were the main driver of growth, while winter temperatures were the main non-summer-climate driver. During past and recent warm episodes, shrub growth diverged from summer temperatures. In recent decades, early summer precipitation has become the main growth-limiting factor for some individuals, likely through micro-topography-determined soil moisture availability, and more than half of the shrubs studied became irresponsive to summer temperatures. There was correspondence between climatic drivers, <em>C. tetragona</em> growth and branch initiation frequency, and satellite-observed vegetation productivity, suggesting the area's shrub-dominated tundra vegetation is limited by similar climatic factors. Winter warming events were likely the predominant cause of branch mortality, while branching increased after years of poor growth and cooler-than-average summers.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis</strong>: These findings show that the erect dwarf-shrub tundra in the Low Arctic has already and will likely become decreasingly temperature- and increasingly moisture-limited and that winter warming supports shrub growth, but increased extreme winter warming event frequency may increase branch mortality and vegetation damage. Such counter-acting mechanisms could offer an explanation for the vegetation stability observed over large parts of the Arctic.</p>
Positive interactions between corals and damselfish increase coral resistance to temperature stress
<p>By the century's end, many tropical seas will reach temperatures exceeding most coral species' thermal tolerance on an annual basis. The persistence of corals in these regions will therefore depend on their abilities to tolerate recurrent thermal stress. Although ecologists have long recognized that positive interspecific interactions can ameliorate environmental stress to expand the realized niche of plants and animals, coral bleaching studies have largely overlooked how interactions with community members outside of the coral holobiont shape the bleaching response. Here, we subjected a common coral, <em>Pocillopora</em> <em>grandis</em>, to 10 days of thermal stress in aquaria with- and without the damselfish <em>Dascyllus</em> <em>flavicaudus</em> (yellowtail dascyllus), which commonly shelter within these corals, to examine how interactions with damselfish impacted coral thermal tolerance. Corals often benefit from nutrients excreted by animals they interact with and prior to thermal stress, corals grown with damselfish showed improved photophysiology (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>) and developed larger endosymbiont populations. When exposed to thermal stress, corals with fish performed as well as corals maintained at ambient temperatures without fish. In contrast, corals exposed to thermal stress without fish experienced photophysiological impairment, a more than 50% decline in endosymbiont density, and a 36% decrease in tissue protein content. By the end of the experiment, thermal stress caused average calcification rates to decrease by over 80% when damselfish were absent but increase nearly 25% when damselfish were present. Our study indicates that damselfish-derived nutrients can increase coral thermal tolerance and are consistent with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis, which predicts that positive interactions become increasingly important for structuring communities as environmental stress increases. Because warming of just a few degrees can exceed corals' temperature tolerance to trigger bleaching and mortality, positive interactions could play a critical role in maintaining some coral species in warming regions until climate change is aggressively addressed.</p>
Increased room temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped tetrahedral perovskite niobates
<p>Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), such as (In, Mn)As and (Ga, Mn)As prototypes, are limited to III–V semiconductors with Curie temperatures (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>) far from room temperature, thereby hindering their wide application. Here, one kind of DMS based on perovskite niobates is reported. BaM<sub>x</sub>Nb<sub>(1-x)</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> (M=Fe, Co) powders are prepared by the composite-hydroxide-mediated method. The addition of M elements endows BaM<sub>x</sub>Nb<sub>(1-x)</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> with local ferromagnetism. The tetragonal BaCo<sub>x</sub>Nb<sub>(1-x)</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> nanocrystals can be obtained by Co doping, which shows strong saturation magnetization(<i>M</i><sub>sat</sub>) of 2.22 emu/g, a remnant magnetization(<i>M</i><sub>r</sub>) of 0.084 emu/g, and a small coercive field(<i>H</i><sub>c</sub>) of 167.02 Oe at room temperature. The ab initio calculations indicate that Co doping could lead to a 64% local spin polarization at the Fermi level(E<sub>F</sub>) with net spin DOS of 0.89 electrons·eV<sup>-1</sup>, this result shows the possibility of maintaining strong ferromagnetism at room temperature. In addition, the trade-off effect between the defect band absorption and ferromagnetic properties of BaM<sub>x</sub>Nb<sub>(1-x)</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> is verified experimentally and theoretically.</p>
Genetic variation for upper thermal tolerance diminishes within and between populations with increasing acclimation temperature in Atlantic salmon
<p>Populations may counteract lasting temperature changes or recurrent extremes through plasticity or adaptation. However, it remains underexplored how outbreeding, either naturally, unintentionally, or facilitated, may modify a local response potential and whether genotype-by-environment interactions or between-trait correlations can restrict this potential. We quantified population differences and outbreeding effects, within-population genetic variation, and plasticity of these, for thermal performance proxy traits using 32 pedigreed wild, domesticated, and wild-domesticated Atlantic salmon families reared under common-garden conditions. Following exposure to ambient cold (11.6°C) or ~4- and ~8-degree warmer summer temperatures, populations differed notably for body length and critical thermal maximum (CT<sub>max</sub>) and for thermal plasticity of length, condition, and CT<sub>max</sub>, but not for haematocrit. Line-cross analysis suggested mostly additive and some dominant outbreeding effects on means and solely additive outbreeding effects on plasticity. Heritability was detected for all traits. However, with increasing acclimation temperature, differences in CT<sub>max</sub> between populations and CT<sub>max</sub> heritability diminished, and CT<sub>max</sub> breeding values re-ranked. Furthermore, CT<sub>max</sub> and body size were negatively correlated at the genetic and phenotypic levels, and there was indirect evidence for a positive correlation between growth potential and thermal performance breadth for growth. Thus, population differences (including those between wild and domesticated populations) in thermal performance and plasticity may present a genetic resource in addition to the within-population genetic variance to facilitate, or impede, thermal adaptation. However, unfavourable genotype-by-environment interactions and negative between-trait correlations may generally hamper joint evolution in response to increase in average temperature and temporary extremes.</p>
Data for "Clouds increasingly influence Arctic sea surface temperatures as CO2 rises" part 1
<p>Data for "Clouds increasingly influence Arctic sea surface temperatures as CO2 rises" submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.</p> <p>Data are included from three fully-coupled CESM2 simulations with variable CO2 concentrations: pre-industrial climate ('control'), 424 ppm CO2 ('yr40'), and 1139 ppm CO2 ('yr140'). Data in all files are restricted to 40-90<sup>o</sup>N. Variables include surface temperature (TS), sea ice concentration (ICEFRAC), CALIPSO total cloud fraction (CLDTOT_CAL), total grid cell cloud liquid water path (TGCLDLWP), sea surface temperature (SST), surface downwelling shortwave radiation (FSDS), surface downwelling longwave radiation (FLDS), surface net shortwave radiation (FSNS), clear-sky surface net shortwave radiation (FSNSC), and clear-sky surface downwelling longwave radiation (FLDSC).</p>
Replication data for "Increasing northern midlatitude temperatures caused by Hadley circulation expansion and strengthening"
<p>Contained in this dataset are 10 *.npz files (5 each for MERRA-2 and ERA5), two jupyter notebooks, and one python script to replicate the figures and statistics in "Increasing northern midlatitude temperatures caused by Hadley circulation expansion and strengthening." </p> <p>The *npz files are zonal means of zonal wind (u), meridional wind (v), temperature (t), eddy covariances of u'v' (eddy horizontal momentum flux), eddy covariances of v'T' (eddy horizontal heat flux), and eddy kinetic energy ((u'^2+v'^2)/2). These covariances are calculated eddies as described in the methods. </p> <p>To generate all figures in the manuscript, run the two jupyter notebooks.</p>
Figure 1 in Temperature increase impairs recognition among nestmates in the social wasp Polybia paulista H. von Ihering, 1896 (Vespidae: Polistinae: Epiponini)
Figure 1. Graphic representation of the experimental design. Containers inside the BOD represent wasps subjected to different temperatures used to evaluate the effect of temperature on behavior. Containers outside the BOD (24℃) represent wasps kept under laboratory conditions and used in the paired encounters with experimental wasps. Control containers represent wasps used in the experiments to evaluate isolation′s effect on nestmates′ recognition.
Temperature sensitivity of tree recruitment at alpine treelines increases along latitudinal gradients
<p>Alpine treeline is highly sensitive to temperature change, and treelines worldwide have been rapidly responding to temperature warming by increasing tree density. However, often inconsistent or even conflicting results regarding the response of tree recruitment to temperature change across regions, still challenge our profound comprehension of warming-induced treeline dynamics. Here, we identified the temperature sensitivity of tree recruitment within alpine treeline ecotones (i.e., the strength of the relationship between tree recruitment and temperature change), and tested whether and how the temperature sensitivity changed along latitudinal gradients by examining 124 alpine treelines across North America and Asia. Our analyses demonstrated that temperature changes could significantly influence tree recruitment at treeline ecotones and the sensitivity of tree recruitment to temperature change was significantly and positively associated with latitude, showing that tree recruitment was more sensitive to temperature change at high latitudes than at low latitudes. Our findings highlighted the heterogeneous responses of tree recruitment at alpine treelines to temperature changes across latitudinal gradients, which should be incorporated into assessment models to improve future projections of global warming impacts across alpine ecosystems.</p>
Increased pupal temperature has reversible effects on thermal performance and irreversible effects on immune system and fecundity in adult ladybirds
<p><span>The environmental conditions an organism encounters during development vary in their lasting impact on adult phenotypes</span><span>. </span><span>In the context of ongoing climate change, it is particularly relevant to understand how high developmental temperatures can impact adult traits, and whether these effects persist or diminish during adulthood. </span><span>Here, we assessed the effects of pupal temperature (17°C – normal temperature, 26°C – increased temperature, or 35°C – heat wave) on adult <em>Harmonia</em> <em>axyridis</em> thermal stress tolerance, immune function, starvation resistance, and fecundity. </span><span>Temperature during pupation significantly affected all investigated traits in fresh adults. Heat acclimation decreased adult haemocyte concentration, cold tolerance, and total egg production, and had a positive effect on heat tolerance and starvation resistance. The negative effects of heat acclimation on cold tolerance diminished after seven days. In contrast, heat acclimation had a lasting positive effect on adult heat tolerance. Our results provide a broad assessment of the effects of developmental thermal acclimation on <em>H</em>. <em>axyridis</em> adult phenotypes. The relative plasticity of several adult traits after thermal acclimation may be consequential for the future geographic distribution and local performance of various insect species.</span></p>
Elevated temperature increases genome-wide selection on de novo mutations
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