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Fig. 1 in A new glimpse on trophic interactions of 100-million-year old lacewing larvae
Fig. 1. Neuropteran larvae from Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar; Turonian–Cenomanian, Cretaceous, 90–100 mya. A. SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIII 19 with assemblage of neuropteran stylets; A1, overview; A2, close-up image of enclosed stylets; A3, stylets, with five clearly visible (1–5) and possibly three additional stylets (6?–8?); A4, close-up image of representative of Hymenoptera. B. SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIII 26 (previously BUB 033 in Haug et al. 2019c); B1, head of neuropteran larva with stylets pair in situ; B2, drawing of a single stylet of the specimen in B1; note the high number of teeth, similar to that of stylets 1 and 2 in A3.
Supplementary material for "Cretaceous lacewing larvae with binocular vision demonstrate the convergent evolution of sophisticated simple eyes" by Haug C. et al.
<p>Supplementary matereial including R-Code and data for elliptic Fourier analysis for the publication: "<span>Cretaceous lacewing larvae with binocular vision demonstrate the convergent evolution of sophisticated simple eyes" </span></p> <p><span>Carolin Haug, Roland R. Melzer, Florian Braig, Simon J. Linhart, Derek E. G. Briggs, Alejandro Caballero, Yanzhe Fu, Gideon T. Haug, Marie K. Hörnig, Joachim T. Haug</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>Abstract: </span></p> <p><span>Many insects and their relatives are renowned for sophisticated compound eyes, which are also preserved in the fossil record. Yet there are also other types of eyes, notably the so-called stemmata of holometabolans, such as beetles, bees, and butterflies. Stemmata are not as effective as compound eyes, except in some predatory larvae. Here we report three lacewing larvae with large forward-directed stemmata from Cretaceous Kachin amber, Myanmar. The stemmata are large relative to those of other fossil lacewing larvae, comparable to the simple eyes of modern larvae capable of image formation. The head is very wide in one larva, representing a new type of morphology as demonstrated by a quantitative comparison of the head and stylets of over 400 fossil and extant lacewing larvae. The arrangement of the exceptionally large stemmata of the larvae reported here provides stereoscopic vision. These new specimens demonstrate the convergent evolution of highly developed simple eyes in at least two additional lineages of lacewings, showcasing the enormous diversity of lacewing larvae in the Cretaceous.</span></p>
FIGURE 27 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 27. Different plots of the data of the analysed long-nosed antlion larvae. A. Range of PC1 and PC2 for specimens from different time slices. For Cretaceous specimens, the grey bars provide the sample-size-corrected ranges. B. Scatter plot of head capsule width w(h) vs. capsule length l(h) (without labrum). C. PC1 and PC2 plotted against head capsule length (without labrum). Note the low degree of correlation as well as low coefficient of determination: PC1: R2=0.039, PC2: R2=0.027.
FIGURE 28 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 28. Comparison of different heads of lacewing larvae with labrum. A. Psychopsidae (MacLeod 1964, his fig. 66). B. Nevrorthidae (Beutel et al. 2010, their fig. 2). C. Myrmeleontidae (Acanthaclisis occitanica; Badano 2012, image on p. 90; re-figured in Badano et al. 2017, their fig. 7C). D. Coniopterygidae (MacLeod 1964, his fig. 62). E. Dilaridae (MacLeod 1964, his fig. 33). F. Berothidae (MacLeod 1964, his fig. 36).
FIGURE 23. Specimen 49 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 23. Specimen 49 (PED 0125); Burmese amber. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Lateral view, other side. D. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. E. Close-up of eyes in lateral view. F. Close-up of empodium (arrow) of a walking appendage. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; sy = stylet; th = thorax.
FIGURE 21. Specimen 45 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 21. Specimen 45 (PED 0045); Burmese amber. A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Ventral view. D. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. E. Close-up of labial palp. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; sy = stylet; th = thorax.
FIGURE 20 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 20. Specimens in Burmese amber, continued. A–D. Specimen 43 (PED 0153). A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. D. Close-up of empodium (arrow) of second walking appendage. E–F. Specimen 44 (BUB 3179). E. Dorsal view. F. Dorsal view, colour marked. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 24 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 24. Specimens in Burmese amber, continued. A–C. Specimen 50 (PED 0039). A–C. Dorsal view. A. Ring light. B. Colour marked. C. Cross-polarised light. D. Specimen 51 (PED 0109). Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; sy = stylet; th = thorax.
FIGURE 17. Specimen 39 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 17. Specimen 39 (PED 0060); Burmese amber. A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Ventral view. D. Close-up of antenna; arrow points to spine-like seta. E. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. F. Close-up of syn-inclusion, insect larva in lateral view. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 15. Specimen 37 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 15. Specimen 37 (PED 0205); Burmese amber. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Dorsal view. D. Close-up of antenna; arrow points to spine-like seta. E. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. F. Close-up of empodium (arrow) of second walking appendage. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia.
FIGURE 14. Specimen 36 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 14. Specimen 36 (PED 0137); Burmese amber. A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Ventral view. D. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. E. Close-up of empodium (arrow) of second walking appendage. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; cl = claw; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 26 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 26. Scatterplot of PC1 and PC2 surrounded by all analysed heads. Numbers in the ellipses correspond to the numbers of the heads. Extant specimens as grey ellipses, Eocene specimens as white ellipses, Cretaceous specimens as black ellipses. The heads grouped together in circles cluster relatively closely together and possibly form relatively discrete types.
FIGURE 22 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 22. Specimens in Burmese amber, continued. A–C Specimen 46 (PED 0133). A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked; arrow points to labrum. C. Dorsal view. D–F. Specimen 47 (PED 0128). D. Ventral view. E. Dorsal view, colour marked; arrow points to labrum. F. Dorsal view. G–H. Specimen 48 (BUB 3386). G. Dorsal view. H. Dorsal view, slightly different angle; arrow points to labrum. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 7. Specimen 16 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 7. Specimen 16 (IGR.ARC-205.2); Charentese amber. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Dorsal view, colour marked. D. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in ventral view. E. Close-up of antenna in dorsal view; arrow points to spine-like seta. F. Close-up of empodium (arrow) of first walking appendage. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 3 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 3. Fossils of long-nosed antlion larvae, i.e., larvae of silky lacewings (Psychopsidae), continued. Drawings partly simplified. A. Specimen 15, from Weitschat and Wichard (1998, 2002). B. Specimen 17, from Scheven (2004). C. Specimen 18, from Engel and Grimaldi (2008). D. Specimen 19, from Gröhn (2015). E. Specimen 20, from Zhang (2017). F. Specimen 21, from Badano et al. (2018). G. Specimen 22, from Makarkin (2018). H. Specimen 23, from Makarkin (2018).
FIGURE 6 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 6. Specimens in Baltic amber, continued. A. Specimen 26 (Gröhn 7507), ventral view, strongly verlumt. B. Specimen 27; image from Jonas Damzen. C. Specimen 28. D. Specimen 29. E. Specimen 30. C–E. Images by Marius Veta.
FIGURE 1 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 1. All known extant long-nosed antlion larvae, i.e., larvae of silky lacewings (Psychopsidae). Drawings partly simplified. A. Specimen 1, from Froggatt (1907). B–E. All from Tillyard (1918). B1. Specimen 2. B2. Specimen 2 in the same scale as the other specimens from Tillyard (1918). C. Specimen 3. D. Specimen 4. E. Specimen 5. F. Specimen 6, from Withycombe (1925). G. Specimen 7, from Macleod (1964). H. Specimen 8, from New (1989). I. Specimen 9, from New (1991). J. Specimen 10, from Aspöck and Aspöck (1999). K. Specimen 11, from Badano et al. (2017). L. Specimen 12, from Bakkes et al. (2017).
FIGURE 9. Specimen 31 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 9. Specimen 31 (BUB 3356); Burmese amber. A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in ventral view. D. Ventral view. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 8. Specimen 16 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 8. Specimen 16 (IGR.ARC-205.2), continued. A–B. Composite fluorescence images in dorsal view, note the surface details. A. Blue light (GFP). B. Green light (TRITC). C. Composite bright-field image.
FIGURE 10. Specimen 32 in The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time
FIGURE 10. Specimen 32 (PED 0055); Burmese amber. A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal view, colour marked. C. Ventral view. D. Close-up of labrum (arrow) in dorsal view. E. Close-up of empodium (arrow) of third walking appendage. F. Close-up of abdomen. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.
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