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93 results for “landscape management”
Managing for the unexpected: building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change: Supporting data
<p><strong>Input files</strong> and <strong>installers </strong>of the versions of LANDIS-II, PnET-Succession and other extensions used in the associated paper. They can be used to to reproduce results of the study.</p> <p>The model documentation is freely available at <a href="https://www.landis-ii.org/">https://www.landis-ii.org/</a></p> <p>The LANDIS-II code is distributed under an open source license at <a href="https://github.com/LANDIS-II-Foundation">https://github.com/LANDIS-II-Foundation</a>.</p> <p>If interested in using this dataset for a research study or project, please contact <a href="https://www.marco-mina.com">Marco Mina</a></p> <p>---------------------</p> <p>Mina, M., Messier, C., Duveneck, M., Fortin, M. J., & Aquilué, N. (2022) <strong>Managing for the unexpected: building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change</strong>. <em>Global Change Biology </em>28, 4323– 4341 <em> </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16197">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16197</a></p> <p>ABSTRACT. Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self-reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process-based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios – including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis – and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate-smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm-adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity – and thus to higher ecological resilience – than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape-scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.</p>
Data for: Direct and indirect effects of management and landscape on biological pest control and crop pest infestation in apple orchards
<p>Biological pest control, relying on naturally occurring predator-prey dynamics, is considered a key element to achieve more sustainable farming systems. However, the combined effects of local management and landscape factors on communities of natural enemies as well as the cascading effects on pest infestations are rarely addressed, especially in perennial crops. Here, we used Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling (PSEM) to test direct and indirect effects of landscape composition, landscape configuration and local management practices on natural enemy communities, the pest control services they provide and ultimately on pest infestation and pest-related yield damage in apple crops. To this end, we surveyed 12 organic and 12 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) orchards during three consecutive years, and we also established a semi-natural benchmark to quantify the extent to which predator communities in the orchards were degraded. Natural enemies had a different community composition and were more abundant in organic orchards compared to IPM orchards. This had a small and positive effect on sentinel egg predation rates in organic orchards, but overall had very little impact on actual apple pest infestation. On the contrary, apple pest infestation levels were directly and positively affected by organic management practices and by increasing semi-natural habitat cover and landscape edge density. Compared to a semi-natural benchmark, both agricultural management systems showed degraded predator communities, which translated into an impaired delivery of biological control services. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that organic management and habitat conservation can enhance natural enemies and stimulate pest control, but also show that these factors can enhance pest infestations and can even lead to an overall increase in pest-related crop damage. Our study thus highlights the complex interplay of ecosystem services and disservices provided by biodiversity, which should be taken into account when advising farmers, policy makers and land managers on effective and sustainable strategies to control pest species and safeguard crop production.</p>
Data from: Direct and indirect effects of landscape and field management intensity on carabids through trophic resources and weeds
<p>Carabids are important biological control agents of weeds and other pests in agricultural fields. The carabid community is built upon direct and indirect ecological effects of landscape complexity, field management intensity and biotic components that in interaction make any prediction of community size and composition challenging.</p> <p>We analyse a large-scale sample of 60 European cereal fields using Structural Equation Modelling to quantify the direct effects of field management intensity and the surrounding landscape, and their indirect effect via biotic components, on carabid diversity.</p> <p>Our results highlight that direct and indirect effects of increasing landscape complexity, mediated by trophic resources, mainly affect carabids positively. Field management intensity only ever affects carabids through indirect effects that are generally negative, by suppressing standing weeds and weed seeds.</p> <p>Indirect effects on granivore carabid species depended on weed seed availability whereas omnivores depended on the availability of both weed seeds and animal prey.</p> <p><i>Synthesis and applications</i><span>: A consideration of both the direct and indirect effects of landscape and field management is necessary for predicting carabid communities and with interactions. These effects, mediated via trophic resources, supports the diversity and abundance of carabid communities and their provision of ecosystem services. Our results show that promoting crop diversity and connectivity to semi-natural habitats will directly enhance carabid communities in farmland by manipulating their migration from source habitats. A reduction in field management intensity will preserve local standing weeds and weed seeds, and indirectly support carabid communities. These local and landscape modifications could contribute to improve the natural regulation of pests and weeds by carabids.</span></p>
Data from: Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
<p>The long-term contribution of nitrification to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known and thus poorly constrained in biogeochemical models. Here, using Bayesian inference to couple 25 years of <i>in situ</i> N<sub>2</sub>O flux measurements with site-specific Michaelis-Menten kinetics of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, we test the relative importance of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O across six cropped and unmanaged ecosystems along a management intensity gradient in the U.S. Midwest. We found that the maximum potential contribution from nitrification to <i>in situ</i> N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes was 13-17% in a conventionally fertilized annual cropping system, 27-42% in a low-input cover-cropped annual cropping system, and 52-63% in perennial systems including a late successional deciduous forest. Actual values are likely to be less than 10% of these values because of low N<sub>2</sub>O yields in cultured nitrifiers (typically 0.04 to 8% of NH<sub>3</sub> oxidized) and competing sinks for available NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> <i>in situ</i>. Most nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O was produced by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) rather than archaea (AOA), who appeared responsible for no more than 30% of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production in all but one ecosystem. Although the proportion of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production was lowest in annual cropping systems, these ecosystems nevertheless produced more nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O (higher V<sub>max</sub>) than perennial and successional ecosystems. We conclude that nitrification is minor relative to other sources of N<sub>2</sub>O in all ecosystems examined.</p>
Data set for "Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests"
<p>This data set is a compilation of biometric- and chamber-based annual CO<sub>2</sub> flux estimates obtained during the period 2016–2018. Data were collected in 50 main forest stands within the Krycklan Catchment Study (KCS, https://www.slu.se/Krycklan), a multi-scale long-term monitored boreal catchment spanning 68 km<sup>2</sup> in northern Sweden. Seven additional old forest stands were also included with the aim to reconcile our CO<sub>2</sub> flux estimates for the old age class.</p> <p>Selected forest stands encompassed different landscape attributes: 1) soil type (i.e., sediment and till), 2) dominant tree species (i.e., pine and spruce), and 3) stand age class (i.e., initiation, young, middle-aged, mature, and old stands). Annual CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes included are the following: net ecosystem production (NEP), net primary production (NPP), net primary production of trees (NPP<sub>t</sub>), net primary production of understory (NPP<sub>u</sub>) as well as total heterotrophic respiration (RH) and its soil and dead wood components (RH<sub>s</sub> and RH<sub>dw</sub>, respectively). All component CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes are presented as positive terms, whereas positive and negative NEP refers to net C sink and source, respectively.</p> <p>It also includes a set of potential abiotic and biotic drivers controlling NEP and its component fluxes at the landscape-scale.</p> <p>This data set is composed of three Microsoft Excel worksheets: readme, metadata, and data.</p> <p>More details can be found in Peichl et al. (2022) Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16534.</p> <p>Contact information:</p> <p>Professor Matthias Peichl (<a href="mailto:matthias.peichl@slu.se">Matthias.Peichl@slu.se</a>)</p> <p>Ph.D. Eduardo Martínez García (<a href="mailto:eduardo.martinez@slu.se">Eduardo.Martinez@slu.se</a>, <a href="mailto:edu.martinez.garcia@gmail.com">edu.martinez.garcia@gmail.com</a>)</p> <p>Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden</p>
Data for: The role of landscape in shaping bird community and implications for landscape management at Nanjing Lukou International Airport
<p>Understanding the patterns of bird diversity and its driving force is necessary for bird strike prevention. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape attributes on phylogenetic and functional diversity of bird communities at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NLIA). Bird identifications and counting of individuals were carried out from November 2017 to October 2019. Based on the land cover data, the landscape was divided into four main types, including farmlands, woodlands, wetlands and urban areas. Bird phylogenetic and functional diversity were strongly affected by landscape matrix types. Bird species, phylogenetic and functional richness were highest in woodlands, while phylogenetic and functional structure were most complex in wetlands. We found that related carnivorous birds occupied most niches at the NLIA. Moreover, bird assemblages exhibited phylogenetic and functional clustering in all landscape matrix types, which meant environmental filtering governed community assembly. Landscape attributes of different matrix types influenced phylogenetic and functional diversity of bird communities. Landscape diversity affected bird functional structure positively, and the mean of patch area in the landscape had the strongest explanatory effects. To prevent bird strikes, we suggest that more small-area woodlands with low levels of aggregation can be considered and farmlands should be patchier and more regular. At landscape level, the number of patches can be adjusted to reduce the frequency of bird activities.</p>
Landscape-scale dynamics of a threatened species respond to local-scale conservation management
<p><span>Landscape-scale approaches are increasingly advocated for species conservation but ensuring landscape level persistence by enlarging the size of patches or increasing their physical connectivity is often impractical. Here, we test how such barriers can be overcome by management of habitat at the local (site-based) level, using a rare butterfly as an exemplar. We used four surveys of the entire UK distribution of the Lulworth Skipper (<em>Thymelicus</em> <em>acteon</em>) over 40 years to test how local habitat influences population density and colonization / extinction dynamics, and parameterized, validated and applied a metapopulation model to simulate effects of varying local habitat quality on regional persistence. We found the total number of populations in four distribution snapshots between 1978 and 2017 varied between 59–84, and from 1997 to 2017, 34% of local populations showed turnover (colonization or extinction). Population density was closely linked to vegetation characteristics indicative of management, namely height and food plant frequency, both of which changed through time. Simulating effects of habitat quality on metapopulation dynamics 40 years into the future suggests coordinated changes to two key components of quality (vegetation height and food plant frequency) would increase patch occupancy above the range observed in the past 40 years (50–80%). In contrast, deterioration of either component below threshold levels leads to metapopulation retraction to core sub-networks of patches, or eventual extirpation. Our results indicate that changes to habitat quality can overcome constraints imposed by habitat patch area and spatial location on relative rates of colonization and local extinction, demonstrating the sensitivity of regional dynamics to targeted in situ management. Local habitat management therefore plays a key role in landscape-scale conservation. Monitoring of population density, and the monitoring and management of local (site-level) habitat quality, therefore represent effective and important components of conservation strategies in fragmented landscapes.</span></p>
Effective management for deadwood-dwelling lichen diversity requires landscape-scale habitat protection
<ol> <li>Habitat loss is considered a major threat for biodiversity. However, the scales on which its effects occur are still insufficiently understood, namely, is the amount of available habitat important for species richness on both local and landscape scales? We studied the effects of local and landscape-scale habitat amount on local-scale species density of deadwood-dependent lichens in Swedish boreal forests. Creation and retention of dead wood are common practices to benefit forest biodiversity, and recognizing the relevant scale is critical for them to be successful.</li> <li>We surveyed deadwood-dependent lichens in 90 unmanaged forest stands that differed in the local and landscape habitat amount. The local habitat amount was measured as the amount of dead wood in the sampled stands (m<sup>2</sup> dead wood/ha), while six alternative proxies were used to estimate the landscape habitat amount, i.e., the amount of dead wood in the landscapes surrounding the sampled forest stands. Lichen species density (number of species per standardized dead wood area of 3.7 m<sup>2</sup>) was modelled as a function of local habitat amount and landscape habitat amount at multiple scales (300 m – 5 km from the stands).</li> <li>We found that lichen species density increased with the landscape habitat amount. The proportion of old forests (> 100 years, including newly clear-cut stands that until recently were old forests) within 5 km from the studied stands explained species density better than the other proxies of landscape habitat amount. Local dead wood amount did not affect species density, and there was no interaction between the local and landscape habitat amount. </li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: To promote the conservation of deadwood-dependent lichens, the amount of old forests in managed forest landscapes should be maintained or increased. A certain amount of dead wood hosted more lichen species when situated in a landscape with more old forest, while there was no effect of the local dead wood amount. This suggests that management aimed at increasing the local species density of deadwood-dwelling lichens should focus on creating and maintaining habitat in the surrounding landscape rather than on only adding deadwood to that local site. In other words, effective management for deadwood-dependent lichen diversity requires landscape-scale habitat protection.</li> </ol>
Data from: Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
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Population genomics of flat-tailed horned lizards (Phrynosoma mcallii) informs conservation and management across a fragmented Colorado Desert landscape
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Conservation in post-industrial cities: how does vacant land management and landscape configuration influence urban bees?
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Data from: Direct and indirect effects of landscape and field management intensity on carabids through trophic resources and weeds
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Data from: Genetic analysis of red deer (Cervus elaphus) administrative management units in a human-dominated landscape - patterns of genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow
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Effective management for deadwood-dwelling lichen diversity requires landscape-scale habitat protection
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Sustainable landscape, soil and crop management practices enhance biodiversity and yield in conventional cereal systems
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Landscape-scale dynamics of a threatened species respond to local-scale conservation management
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Data from: Landscape management can foster pollinator richness in fragmented high-value habitats
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Selection of a diversionary field and other habitats by large grazing birds in a landscape managed for agriculture and wetland biodiversity
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Data from: Interactions of husbandry, landscape, and immunity in regulating viral loads for managed honey bees
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Data for: The role of landscape in shaping bird community and implications for landscape management at Nanjing Lukou International Airport
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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