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52 results for “leaf size”
FIGURE 1 in Towards completion of the species inventory of small-sized leaf-tailed geckos: two new species of Uroplatus from northern Madagascar
FIGURE 1. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of the Uroplatus ebenaui group based on a 2686 bp alignment of five concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments (ND4, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COX1, CMOS). Posterior probability values are shown on the nodes (omitted for most shallow nodes). Uroplatus alluaudi was used as the outgroup (not shown).
FIGURE 7 in Towards completion of the species inventory of small-sized leaf-tailed geckos: two new species of Uroplatus from northern Madagascar
FIGURE 7. Individuals of Uroplatus fivehy sp. nov. photographed in life. A, male paratype ZSM 634/2009 from Angozongahy Campsite, Makira. B, additional individual from Angozongahy (attribution to voucher number uncertain). C, D, female from Angozongahy (attribution to voucher number uncertain). E, male from Marotandrano (attribution to voucher number uncertain); note unpigmented oral mucosa in F.
FIGURE 3 in Towards completion of the species inventory of small-sized leaf-tailed geckos: two new species of Uroplatus from northern Madagascar
FIGURE 3. Map of northern Madagascar showing reliable locality records of Uroplatus fangorn sp. nov., U. fivehy sp. nov., and their closest relative, U. finiavana. Colors in map show remaining primary vegetation following the Madagascar Vegetation Mapping Project carried out from 2003–2006 (Moat & Smith 2007); green is humid forest (rainforest), reddish tones are deciduous forest and spiny forest-thicket.
Variations in leaf economics spectrum traits for an evergreen coniferous species: Tree size dominates over environment factors
<ol> <li>Many leaf traits strongly vary with tree size and environmental factors, but the importance of these factors to intraspecific variations of leaf traits in forest trees have rarely been <a><span>simultaneously</span></a> evaluated.</li> <li>We measured needle longevity and specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen (N) content of every needle age (0 to 4 year old) for 65 individuals with 0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) for an evergreen coniferous species, <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Sieb. et Zucc., in Northeast China. We <a><span>simultaneously</span></a> evaluated effects of tree size (DBH or tree height) and environment factors (light intensity, soil N content and water availability) on the needle longevity, SLA, foliage N content as well as the slopes of regressions of SLA and foliage N content against needle age.</li> <li>All of the studied leaf traits and slopes of regressions of SLA and foliage N content against needle age were significantly related to tree size. Tree height had a greater impact on SLA and area-based leaf N content (N<sub>area</sub>), whereas DBH was more important for needle longevity and mass-based leaf N content (N<sub>mass</sub>). The environment variables, light intensity, soil N content and water availability, were rather minor factors for trait variations compared with tree size. Significant influences of light intensity were found only on needle longevity, and soil N and water availability had no effects on the leaf traits.</li> <li>Our study clearly showed that tree size is an important driver of intraspecific variations in the key leaf traits of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> in a natural forest. We also emphasize the importance of DBH or tree height varies depending on leaf traits, suggesting various mechanisms of size effects on the intraspecific variations in leaf traits. We suggest that ecological significance of leaf trait variations needs reconsideration incorporating tree size effect.</li> </ol>
Data from: Seed size and the evolution of leaf defences
1. Leaf defences vary widely among tree species, affecting rates of herbivory, survival and reproduction. 2. Two contrasting hypotheses account for variation in leaf defences among species. The first predicts that a slow life history, which is characteristic of larger seeded species adapted to resource-limited environments, is associated with well-defended leaves. The second, apparency theory, predicts that elevated leaf defences are necessitated for species that are more detectable to herbivores. 3. Here we use comparative methods and a global data set to test (i) the relationship between seed size and leaf defences and (ii) the relationship between clumping (spatial apparency) and leaf defences. 4. We found that seed size was positively related to leaf fracture toughness, but not phenolics or tannin concentration and that spatial aggregation was unrelated to leaf defences. 5. Synthesis. Our results suggest that larger seed size and increased leaf toughness are correlated as part of a trait syndrome associated with a slow, resource-limited life history, not clumped dispersion and increased spatial apparency.
Data from: Leaf size in three generations of a dioecious tropical tree, Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae): sexual dimorphism and changes with age
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: In dioecious species, selection should favor different leaf sizes in males and females whenever the sexes experience distinct environments or constraints, such as different costs of reproduction. We took advantage of a long-term experimental study of Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae), a dioecious understory tree in Monteverde, Costa Rica, to explore leaf size differences between genders and age classes across generations. METHODS: We measured leaf size in adult trees in a natural population, in their adult F1 offspring in two experimental populations, and in their F2 offspring at the seedling stage. Individual trees were measured at various times over a 20-year period. RESULTS: Leaves of female trees averaged 8% longer and 12% greater in area than those of males. Leaves were sexually dimorphic at reproductive maturity. Leaf size declined over the course of most trees' lifetimes. Heritability estimates for leaf length were positive although not statistically significant (h2 = 0.63, SE = 0.48, P= 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: We ruled out the "ecological causation" hypothesis for sexual dimorphism in leaf size because male and female trees co-occurred in the same habitats. Sexual dimorphism appeared not to result from genetic or phenotypic correlations with other traits such as height or flower size. Rather, females appear to compensate for higher costs of reproduction and diminished photosynthetic capacity by producing larger leaves. Additive genetic variance in leaf size, a prerequisite for an evolutionary response to selection for sexual dimorphism, was suggested by positive (although only marginally significant) heritability estimates.
Data for pith width, leaf size, and twig thickness of trees and shrubs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Premise of the study:</i> As an extension of E. J. H. Corner's Rule that twig diameter increases with leaf size, we hypothesized that pith width also increases with leaf size. The benefit to the plant from the proposed relationship is that pith is a low-cost tissue that reduces the metabolic cost of large diameter twig production. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Methods:</i> Leaf sizes and cross-sectional areas of bark, xylem, and pith of 81 species of trees and shrubs growing in Gainesville, Florida were measured and compared with standardized major axis regressions of pairwise species trait values and phylogenetically independent contrasts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Key results:</i> Pith area increases with leaf size with or without accounting for phylogenetic relationships. In agreement with Corner's rule, overall twig diameter as well as bark and wood thickness also increase with leaf size. Thicker twigs showed more variation in relative pith, wood, and bark cross-sectional areas compared to thinner twigs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Conclusions: </i> Investments in pith, a tissue of low density found in the centers of twigs, provides a low cost way to increase twig circumference and thereby space for attachment of large leaves while increasing the overall second moment of area of twigs (<i>I</i>), which increases their ability to biomechanically support large leaves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE. Puccinia klugkistiana on Ligustrum obtusifolium (A–F, N, O, P) and Cleistogenes hackelii (G–N). A. Plant hedges producing spermogonia and aecia in the field. B. Spermogonia on the upper leaf surface. C. Vertical section of an aecium surrounded with peridia. D. Aecia on the lower leaf surface. E. Vertical section of a spermogonium. F. Aeciospores. G. Uredinia on the leaf surface. H. Vertical section of a uredinium. I. Urediniospores. J, K. Telia on the leaf surface. L. Teliospores. M. Urediniospore observed under SEM. N. Vertical section of an uredinium observed under SEM. O. Aecium observed under SEM. P. Aeciospores with various sizes of verrucae on the surface observed under SEM. Scale bars: C = 100 μm, E, F = 20 μm, H, I = 30 μm, M = 5 μm, P = 10 μm, H, L, O = 40 μm. in Phylogenetic approach for identification and life cycles of Puccinia (Pucciniaceae) species on Poaceae from northeastern China
FIGURE. Puccinia klugkistiana on Ligustrum obtusifolium (A–F, N, O, P) and Cleistogenes hackelii (G–N). A. Plant hedges producing spermogonia and aecia in the field. B. Spermogonia on the upper leaf surface. C. Vertical section of an aecium surrounded with peridia. D. Aecia on the lower leaf surface. E. Vertical section of a spermogonium. F. Aeciospores. G. Uredinia on the leaf surface. H. Vertical section of a uredinium. I. Urediniospores. J, K. Telia on the leaf surface. L. Teliospores. M. Urediniospore observed under SEM. N. Vertical section of an uredinium observed under SEM. O. Aecium observed under SEM. P. Aeciospores with various sizes of verrucae on the surface observed under SEM. Scale bars: C = 100 μm, E, F = 20 μm, H, I = 30 μm, M = 5 μm, P = 10 μm, H, L, O = 40 μm.
FIGURE. Puccinia phragmitis on Rumex patientia (A–E, I, K) and Phragmites australis (F–H, J). A, B Spermogonia and aecia on the lower leaf surface. C. Vertical section of a spermogonium. D. Vertical section of an aecium surrounded with peridia. E. Aeciospores. F, G. Telia on the leaf surface. H. Teliospores. I. Aecium observed under SEM. J. Vertical section of a telium. K. Aeciospores with various sizes of verrucae on the surface observed under SEM. Scale bars: C, D, E = 30 μm, H = 10 μm, I = 100 μm, J = 20 μm, K = 3 μm. in Phylogenetic approach for identification and life cycles of Puccinia (Pucciniaceae) species on Poaceae from northeastern China
FIGURE. Puccinia phragmitis on Rumex patientia (A–E, I, K) and Phragmites australis (F–H, J). A, B Spermogonia and aecia on the lower leaf surface. C. Vertical section of a spermogonium. D. Vertical section of an aecium surrounded with peridia. E. Aeciospores. F, G. Telia on the leaf surface. H. Teliospores. I. Aecium observed under SEM. J. Vertical section of a telium. K. Aeciospores with various sizes of verrucae on the surface observed under SEM. Scale bars: C, D, E = 30 μm, H = 10 μm, I = 100 μm, J = 20 μm, K = 3 μm.
Leaf traits, plant size and environment data of a common tree species Clausena dunniana in a subtropical broad-leaved forest
<p>This dataset contains the leaf traits, plant size and environment data of 262 individuals of a widespread species <em>Clausena dunniana</em> in the subtropical broad-leaved forests in Maolan National Nature Reserve in the karst region of southwestern China. The 262 individuals of <em>C. dunniana</em> are distributed at two major topographic habitat types, the slope and the hilltop, within the forests of six sites evenly distributed in two regions within the Maolan reserve. The measured individual plant level leaf traits include specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area, leaf dry-matter content (LDMC) and leaf thickness. The plant size represents the first principal component of plant basal diameter and plant height, and the environmental factors include topographic habitat, canopy height, and rock-bareness rate.</p>
Size- and environment-driven seedling survival and growth are mediated by leaf functional traits
<p><span>Ecologists usually find that plant demography (e.g., survival and growth) changes along with plant size and environmental gradients, which suggests the effects of ontogeny-related processes and abiotic filtering. However, the role of functional traits underlying the plant size- and environment-demography relationships is usually overlooked. By measuring the individual-level leaf traits of more than 2700 seedlings in a temperate forest, we evaluated how seedling functional traits mediated the size- and environment-demography relationships. First, we found leaves were larger for taller seedlings, leaf economics traits were more conservative in taller seedlings and under high light and low elevation conditions. Then, structural equation modeling showed that a higher survival probability for taller seedlings was indirectly driven by their larger leaf area. Although taller seedlings had lower growth rates, larger and more resource-conservative leaves could promote the growth rate of these tall seedlings. Environmental variables did not appear to influence seedling survival and growth directly but did influence growth indirectly by mediating trait variation. Finally, species-specific variation in traits along with size and environments was associated with the species-specific variation in seedling survival and growth. Our study suggests that, not only plant ontogeny- and environment-related ecological processes, functional traits are also important intermediary agents underlying the usually observed plant size- and environment-demography relationships.</span></p>
Data from 'From mallees to mountain ash, specific leaf area is coordinated with eucalypt tree stature, resprouting, stem construction, and fruit size'
<p>Median trait data and accompanying description of included traits and units for the analysis in the manuscript 'From mallees to mountain ash, specific leaf area is coordinated with eucalypt tree stature, resprouting, stem construction, and fruit size' authored by Antoinette M. Portelli, Saras M. Windecker, Laura J. Pollock, Will. C. Neal, William K. Morris, Rohan Khot and Peter A. Vesk. Funding for this project provided by Eucalypt Australia and the Victorian Government Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning.</p>
Data from: Leaf size in three generations of a dioecious tropical tree, Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae): sexual dimorphism and changes with age
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Data from: Seed size and the evolution of leaf defences
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Variations in leaf economics spectrum traits for an evergreen coniferous species: Tree size dominates over environment factors
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Size- and environment-driven seedling survival and growth are mediated by leaf functional traits
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Leaf size of woody dicots predicts ecosystem primary productivity
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Leaf traits, plant size and environment data of a common tree species Clausena dunniana in a subtropical broad-leaved forest
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Data from: Early diversification of sperm size in the evolutionary history of the old world leaf warblers (Phylloscopidae)
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Data for pith width, leaf size, and twig thickness of trees and shrubs
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