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1,355 results for “manipulation”
GFE01 Ghost Fire: an experimental manipulation of fire effects on multi-trophic community dynamics in the ungrazed uplands of unburned and annually burned watersheds of Konza Prairie
Frequent burning is a common land practice in many grasslands worldwide, and this land use strategy has large impacts on a wide variety of ecosystem functions and services. Fire in tallgrass prairie, in the absence of grazing, alters plant community composition, decreases richness, and increases plant production. Proposed mechanisms for the changes in community composition and function are that fire decreases N availability (through volatilization) and removes litter (thereby increasing light availability and decreasing soil moisture). However, few experiments explicitly test these mechanisms, and those that do monitor short-term effects.Yet, the strength of these mechanisms likely differ over longer time scales, as other ecosystem attributes (e.g., plant community composition) change through time. Ghost Fire aims to determine the mechanisms behind community and ecosystem differences between annually burned grassland and 20-year burned grassland (hereafter called unburned) by experimentally manipulating N availability and litter. We impose litter and N conditions found in unburned grassland onto annually burned grassland, and litter and N conditions typically found in annually burned grassland onto unburned grassland. Importantly, Ghost Fire monitors both below-and above-ground plant community and ecosystem dynamics as well other dimensions of the ecosystem including microbial and mycorrhizal communities and insect community composition and biomass.
RMP01 Rainfall manipulation plot study at Konza Prairie
Rainfall Manipulation Plots facility (RaMPs) is a unique experimental infrastructure that allows us to manipulate precipitation events and temperature, and assess population community, and ecosystem responses in native grassland. This facility allows us to manipulate the amount and timing of individual precipitation events in replicated field plots at the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. We used data from a unique 15-year long rainfall manipulation experiment at the Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas, USA, to determine how altered precipitation patterns (fewer, larger events) impacted plant species composition and structure in an annually burned, ungrazed, native tallgrass prairie. We tested two hypotheses. First, based on the HRF, we predicted that directional change in grass and forb cover and richness and community composition would eventually occur after a lag period under the altered precipitation treatment. Second, we predicted that change in cover and composition under altered precipitation would be driven by the response of forbs more so than grasses because the dominant grasses are reported to be buffered against precipitation variability1,44 and changes in the cover and richness of forbs contribute disproportionately to community responses to other drivers in this grassland.
CME01 The Consumer Size Manipulation Experiment (ConSME) at Konza Prairie
Herbivores of varying size classes exist with the grassland biome (large mammals, small mammals, insects), however their independent and interactive effects on grassland plant species composition and function are understudied. Here we aim to tease apart the effects of three size classes of herbivores within the Konza Prairie system, and whether these effects vary across fire regimes.
NBC01 Konza Prairie Belowground Plot Experiment: Soil chemistry responses to experimental manipulations of fire, nutrients and mowing
To address the potential interactive effects of fire, aboveground biomass removal, and nutrient amendments on above- and belowground responses, a long-term field experiment was initiated in 1986 as part of the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. The general goals of this experiment are: 1) to document both short- and long-term responses of plants and soils to fire, aboveground biomass removal (a surrogate for grazing in these small plots), and nutrient amendments (additions of N and/or P); and 2) to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying tallgrass prairie responses to fire, aboveground biomass removal and nutrient enrichment. Effects of burning, mowing, and N + P additions on soil chemistry are measured on the 64 belowground plots at irregular intervals. Variables measured include P, NO3, NH4, Mn, Cu, K, Zn, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, ph, Organic matter and Organic-N.
Experimentally manipulated biota over a 30-40d period in two streams with distinctly different macrobiotic assemblages
Here we test the hypothesis that differences in macrobiotic assemblages can lead to differences in the quantity and quality of organic matter in benthic depositional environments among streams in montane Puerto Rico. We experimentally manipulated biota over a 30-40d period in two streams with distinctly different macrobiotic assemblages: one characterized by high densities of omnivorous shrimps (Decapoda: Atyidae and Xiphocarididae) and no predaceous fishes. To incorporate the natural hydrologic regime and to avoid confounding artifacts associated with cage enclosure/exclosure (e.g., high sedimentation), we used electricity as a mechanism for experimental exclusion, in situ. In each stream, shrimps and/or fishes were excluded from specific areas of rock substrata in four pools using electric "fences" attached to solar-powered fence chargers. In the stream lacking predaceous fishes (Sonadora), the unelectrified control treatment was almost exclusively dominated by high densities of omnivorous shrimps that constantly ingested fine particulate material from rock surfaces. Consequently, the control had significantly lower levels of inorganic sediments, organic material, carbon and nitrogen than the exclusion treatment, as well as less variability in these parameters. Tenfold more organic material (as ash-free dry mass, AFDM) and fivefold more nitrogen accrued in shrimp exclosures (10.6 g AFDM/m2, 0.2 g N/m2) than in controls (1.1 g AFDM/m2, 0.04 g N/m2). By reducing th quantity of fine particulate organic material and associated nitrogen in benthic environments, omnivorous shrimps potentially affect the the supply of this important resource to other trophic levels. The small amount of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) that remained in control treatments (composed of sparse algal cells0 was of higher quality than that in shrimp exclosures. This is evidenced by the significantly lower carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio (an indicator of food quality, with relatively low C
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Soil Carbon Dioxide Concentrations from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, NM
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. These soil carbon dioxide data were collected at three depths.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Soil Temperature Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, NM
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. These data are soil temperature data collected at two depths.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) Soil Temperature, Moisture and Carbon Dioxide Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is designed to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, by altering rainfall pulses, and thus soil moisture, that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and frequency will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. Treatments include (1) a monthly addition of 20 mm of rain in addition to ambient, and a weekly addition of 5 mm of rain in addition to ambient during the months of July, August and September. It is predicted that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground NPP and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon.
Data supporting publication: Nanoscale Mechanical Manipulation of Ultrathin SiN Membranes Enabling Infrared Near-Field Microscopy of Liquid-Immersed samples
<p>This repository includes the data corresponding to the figures shown in the journal article entitled Nanoscale Mechanical Manipulation of Ultrathin SiN Membranes Enabling Infrared Near-Field Microscopy of Liquid-Immersed samples, published in small. </p>
Single Particle Investigation of Triolein Digestion using Optical Manipulation, Polarized Video Microscopy, and SAXS
<p>Hypothesis: Understanding how soft colloids, such as food emulsion droplets, transform based on their environment is critical for various applications, including drug and nutrient delivery and biotechnology. However, the mechanisms behind colloidal transformations within individual oil droplets still need to be better understood.</p> <p>Experiments: This study employs optical micromanipulation with microfluidics and polarized optical video microscopy to investigate the pancreatic lipase- and pH-triggered colloidal transformations in a single triolein droplet. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides complementary statistical insights and allows for detailed structural assignment.</p> <p>Findings: Optical video microscopy recorded the transformation of individual triolein emulsion droplets, with the smooth surface of these spherical particles becoming rough and the entire volume eventually being affected. The polarized microscopy revealed the coexistence of at least two distinct structures in a single particle during digestion, with their ratio and distribution altered by pH. The SAXS analysis assigned the optical anisotropy to emulsified inverse hexagonal- and multilamellar phases, coexisting with isotropic structures such as the micellar cubic phase. These results can help understand the liquid-liquid crystalline phase transformations inside an emulsion droplet and guide the design of advanced food emulsions.</p>
Manipulation of photoperiod induces fat storage, but not fat mobilization in the migratory songbird, Dumetella carolinensis (Gray Catbird).
<p>Associated R code and data sets for analyses related to the "Manipulation of photoperiod induces fat storage, but not fat mobilization in the migratory songbird, Dumetella carolinensis (Gray Catbird)." publication. </p>
Coherent manipulation of nuclear spins in the strong driving regime
<p>Data for <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/ad0c0b">manuscript</a> with the same name. Consists of four parts:</p><p>(1) DC characterization: all files having a format corresponding to "20230129*.dat"</p><p>(2) Finite element analysis: all files having a format corresponding to "B_field_*.txt"</p><p>(3) Proton Rabi oscillations: all files having a format corresponding to "20230112*.dat", "20230119*.dat" and "20230120*.dat"</p><p>(4) Spiral transmission: a CSV file</p><p> </p>
Manipulating the hydroperiod affects plant and invertebrate communities in freshwater mesocosms, La Marque TX USA, 2019-2021
We used a mesocosm experiment with six flooding depths and seven drought durations, followed by seven months of recovery, to explore how freshwater wetlands typical of the Houston, Texas area would respond to different hydrological regimes that might occur if wetlands were drained in anticipation of a heavy rain that did not materialize, leading to a temporary period of little or no standing water. The experiment was conducted in 2019-2021. How quickly mesocosms dried out was a function of initial water depth, with mesocosms initially set with greater water depths (30 cm) taking on average 38 days to dry out. Individual plant species (14 were planted; 8 were common at the end of the recovery period) were affected drought length, flooding depth, or their interaction, with results varying among species. The composition of the plant community at the end of the drought period was strongly affected by drought length, and this effect persisted through seven months of recovery, with the 80- and 160-day drought treatments diverging most strongly from shorter drought treatments. Densities of mosquito larvae, snails and tadpoles were temporally variable, and affected more during the treatment period than after seven months of recovery. Our results indicate that managed wetlands in southeast Texas would be quite resilient to dry periods of up to 40 days in duration, especially if water was not completely drained at the beginning of the drought. In addition, some wetland species would persist in managed wetlands even if they experienced droughts of up to 160 days.
Effects of experimental manipulation of light and nutrients on establishment of seedlings of native and invasive woody species in Long Island, NY, USA forests 2000 - 2003
While several studies on the process of invasion often focused on single factors or on the general explanation of ‘disturbance,' recent work has attempted to move towards a more mechanistic understanding of the factors that promote plant community invasion. Manipulative experiments provide a means for discerning causal relationships and interactive effects of environmental factors in promoting invasion. This dataset contains the results of multifactor manipulative experiments in forest communities, which compared factors influencing early seedling establishment for native and invasive woody plants. In an earlier study, we found that in Long Island, NY, invasion patterns are correlated with forest community type (pine barrens or hardwood), light availability, and soil N and Ca. Therefore, we conducted manipulative field experiments in two different years to determine the relative importance and interaction of experimental gaps and N and Ca addition in pine barrens and hardwood forests in promoting invasion. We used seedlings of seven common native and invasive species in the first experiment, and 16 native and invasive species paired phylogenetically in the second experiment. This was done in the years 2000 and 2003 respectively.
Soil Moisture (VWC) at LTER Moisture Manipulation Treatments
This dataset contains the hourly output from sensors located within the moisture manipulation plots at BNZ. Upland snowout shelters went into use winter of 2008/2009.Floodplain snowout shelters started going up winter 2009/2010.
Soil Temperature at LTER Moisture Manipulation Treatments
This dataset contains the hourly output from sensors located within the moisture manipulation plots at BNZ. Upland snowout shelters went into use winter of 2008/2009.Floodplain snowout shelters started going up winter 2009/2010.
Long term responses of first order streams to allochthonous and detrital manipulations at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC from 1984 to 2006
This dataset examines the long term effects of litter exclusion, small and large wood removal, and the addition of leaf species of varying detrital quality on organic matter standing crop, export of organic and inorganic particles, and invertebrate abundance and biomass in a high-gradient headwater stream. Pre-treatment and stream reference data are also included. This study was conducted at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory watersheds 53, 54, and 55 from years 1988 through 2006.
Measurements of microbial biomass and activity in two snow manipulation experiments at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 1998 – 2004
In 1997, as part of a study of the relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling (http://www.ecostudies.org/people_sci_groffman_snow_summary.html), we established eight 10 x 10-m plots located within four stands; two dominated (80%) by sugar maple and two dominated by yellow birch, with one snow reduction (freeze) and one reference plot in each stand. In 2001, we established eight new 10-m x 10-m plots (4 treatment, 4 reference) in four new sites; two high elevation, north facing and two low elevation, south facing maple-beech-birch stands. To establish plots for the “freeze” study, we cleared minor amounts of understory vegetation from all (both freeze and reference) plots (to facilitate shoveling). We then installed soil solution samplers (zero tension lysimeters), thermistors for soil temperature monitoring, water content (time domain) reflectometers (for measuring soil moisture), soil atmosphere sampling probes, minirhizotron access tubes, and trace gas flux measurement chambers (described below). All plots were equipped with dataloggers to allow for continuous monitoring of soil moisture and temperature. Treatments (keep plots snow free by shoveling through the end of January) were applied in the winters of 1997/98, 1998/99, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. Measurements of soil nitrate (NO3 -) and ammonium (NH4 +) concentrations, microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, microbial respiration, potential nitrification and N mineralization rates, pH, and denitrification potential were measured on these plots at multiple time points during these studies. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES) using funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation. The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Nitrogen Oligotrophication (HBNO): Snowmelt Manipulation study, 2021-2023
In seasonally snow-covered ecosystems such as northern hardwood forests of the northeastern U.S., spring snowmelt is a critical transition period for plant and microbial communities, as well as for the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N). However, it remains unknown how shifting snowmelt dynamics influence soil and plant processing and uptake of N in these forests, which are experiencing reductions in N availability relative to demand, a process known as oligotrophication. We determined the role of changing spring snowmelt timing on root production and N pools and fluxes by manipulating snowmelt timing along a climate elevation gradient at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. We manually halved or doubled snow water equivalent (SWE) in experimental plots in March of 2022 and 2023 to accelerate or delay by an average of one week, respectively, the onset of spring snowmelt. Earlier snowmelt led to reduced snowpack depth and duration, as well as deeper, more sustained soil frost during the snowmelt period in 2022, but soil freezing did not occur in 2023. Soil nitrate and net nitrification rates were significantly lower with shallower snowpack and earlier snowmelt compared to plots with deeper snow and later snowmelt. Shallower snowpack and early snowmelt were also associated with decreased foliar N concentrations and 15N values, indications that earlier snowmelt contributes to lower N availability relative to plant N uptake and demand. Our study provides evidence that early snowmelt resulting from shallower snowpack contributes to N oligotrophication, primarily through impacts on soil nitrate supply and uptake of N by trees. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Nitrogen Oligotrophication (HBNO): Litter Manipulation study, 2021-2023
Declining nitrogen (N) availability relative to plant demand, known as N oligotrophication, is a widespread phenomenon that has been particularly well documented in northern hardwood forests of the northeast U.S. It is hypothesized that later fall senescence contributes to this trend by increasing tree resorption of N, resulting in higher carbon:nitrogen ratios (C:N) in litterfall and reduced N availability in soil. To examine the effects of litterfall C:N on soil N cycling, we conducted a litter quality manipulation experiment comparing low C:N and high C:N litter with native litter along an elevation and aspect gradient at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA. We found that potential net ammonification and mineralization rates were positively correlated with litter N and negatively correlated with litter C:N under high C:N litter, but these relationships were not present under native or low C:N litter. Differences in nitrate pools and net mineralization rates between high- and low-quality litter treatments were greater at colder sites where native litterfall tends to have lower C:N than at low elevation sites. Together, these results demonstrate that higher C:N litter and a warming climate likely contribute to N oligotrophication through effects on microbially driven N cycling rates in organic soils. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
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