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Fig. 1 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 1. Discovery curve of valid early tetrapod species (i.e., tetrapods, excluding Lissamphibia and Amniota), plotted against publication year. Species determined as synonymous or dubious in recent revisions are excluded. The curves show proportions through time, rising to 100% of current knowledge, for all early tetrapods (n = 528) and two major sub−divisions, temnospondyls (n = 368), and lepospondyls (n = 85).

Fig. 6 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 6. Cumulative discovery curve of species of early tetrapods showing the relative completeness for each of the eight stratigraphic series, divided into two panels, from Upper Devonian to Middle Permian (A), and Upper Permian to Upper Triassic (B), plotted against decades in research time. The horizontal line marks the "half life" of the discovery curve, the date by which half the currently valid taxa had accumulated. Numbers of taxa per series are: Upper Devonian (17), Lower Carboniferous (25), Upper Carboniferous (108), Lower Permian (125), Middle Permian (36), Upper Permian (20), Lower Triassic (100), Middle Triassic (46), Upper Triassic (5), Jurassic (5), Cretaceous (1).

Fig. 4 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 4. Cumulative discovery curves of species of early tetrapods showing the relative completeness for each of the nine major geographic regions: North America, Europe, and Africa (A), South America, Greenland, and Australia (B), Asia, India, and Russia (C), plotted against decades in research time. The horizontal line marks the "half life" of the discovery curve, the date by which half the currently valid taxa had accumulated. Total numbers of taxa are given for each continent.

Fig. 3 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 3. Histogram of the total number of valid early tetrapod species from each major geographic region. Totals are: Europe (171), North America (156), Russia (77), Africa (51), Australia (30), India (14), Asia excluding India (12), South America (11), and Greenland (9).

FIGURE 16 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 16. Eutherian morphotype EuE (UCMP specimen 218901, from locality V91065; right) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 19 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 19. Summary of humerus morphotypes and relative sizes in our study area in the Hell Creek and Tullock formations of eastern Montana. Multituberculate morphotypes are shown as black bars, metatherians as gray bars, and eutherians as white bars. Numbers within the bars indicate the sample size for each temporal bin. Morphotypes are arranged left to right according to increasing size (see text for specimen numbers, localities, and details; Appendices 7–8 for morphotype mean sizes). Gradients for MuF, EuC, and EuD indicate morphotypes were present in the timeaveraged Bug Creek Anthills assemblages, and the morphotype range may extend into the Pu1 and/or the Lancian. Pu2 assemblages are not known from our study area (hashmarks indicate resultant uncertainty of range-through morphotypes; Clemens 2015). The age model is based on previous geochronological work in this study area (Swisher et al., 1993; Renne et al., 2011, 2013; Wilson, 2014; Sprain et al. 2014); note the temporal axis is not to scale. Modified from Sprain et al. (2014). Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; NALMA, North American Land Mammal "age"; Pu1, early Puercan; Pu3, middle/late Puercan; queries (?) indicate specimens that are only tentatively attributed to that morphotype, see Methods.

FIGURE 9 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 9. Multituberculate morphotype MuF (UCMP specimen 127384, from locality V87001; left), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 11 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 11. Metatherian morphotype MeA (UCMP specimen 152394, from locality V93169; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 6 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 6. Multituberculate morphotype MuC (UCMP specimen 153039, from locality V84193; left), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 12 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 12. Eutherian morphotype EuA (UCMP specimen 153100, from locality V99438; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views. Specimen images are CT scan views, not photographs; see Methods for details. Rough patches inside the shaft and within the entepicondylar foramen are the result of sediment infilling, whereas other rough areas (i.e., supinator crest, medial entepicondyle, posterior articular surfaces) indicate specimen breakage.

FIGURE 5 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 5. Multituberculate morphotype MuB (UCMP specimen 195933, from locality V99438; left), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in distal (3), medial (4), and lateral (5) views.

FIGURE 8 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 8. Multituberculate morphotype MuE (UWBM specimen 97031, from locality C1845; right), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 4 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 4. Multituberculate morphotype MuA (UCMP specimen 122045, from locality V70201; right), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 1 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 1. Map of humerus-bearing fossil localities from this study. Localities span the Lancian biozone (yellow circles), and early and late Puercan biozones (Pu1 and Pu3, in blue stars and green triangles, respectively), as well as the temporally mixed Lancian-Pu1 localities of the Bug Creek Anthills (red squares). Most localities are in Garfield and McCone counties; Fallon and Carter counties in Montana and Niobrara County in eastern Wyoming (not pictured) each have one locality. Locality names and details are given in Appendix 1. Modified from Wilson et al. 2014.

FIGURE 2 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 2. Schematic of humerus measurements used in this study. Multituberculate specimen (UCMP 153039; left) in ventral (1), dorsal (2), and distal (3) views; eutherian specimen (UCMP 151964; right, reversed to appear as left) in anterior (4), posterior (5), and distal (6) views. See Table 1 for measurement descriptions. Abbreviations: AW, articular width; C, capitulum; CL, capitulum length; CD, capitulum depth; CW, capitulum width; EC, ectepicondyle; LC, lateral epicondyle (ectepicondyle); MC, medial epicondyle (entepicondyle); NC, entepicondyle; NCW, entepicondylar width; RC, radial condyle; RCL, radial condyle length; RCD, radial condyle depth; RCW, radial condyle width; TDW, total distal width; TL, trochlear length; TD, trochlear depth; TLW, total lateral width; TW; trochlear width; UC, ulnar condyle; UCL, ulnar condyle length; UCD, ulnar condyle depth; UCW, ulnar condyle width; UT, ulnar trochlea.

FIGURE 10 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 10. Therian morphotype ThA (UCMP specimen 127391, from locality V88007; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in medial (3) view.

FIGURE 18 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 18. Eutherian morphotype EuG (UCMP specimen 192678, from locality V74124; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in medial (3) and distal (4) views.

FIGURE 17 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 17. Eutherian morphotype EuF (UCMP specimen 92928, from locality V72129; right) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 14 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 14. Eutherian morphotype EuC (UCMP specimen 151991, from locality V71203; right) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 24 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 24. Plots of Linear Discriminant Analysis of the pruned dataset according to locomotor group. (1) LD1 vs. LD2; (2) LD1 vs. LD3; and (3) LD2 vs. LD3.