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52 results for “mate change”
Figure 4 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 4. Lasiophila lucuma Pyrcz in copula (Ampay, Peru) illustrating a typical mating posture of Satyrinae, with the female hind wings closed over the male's wings.
Figure 5 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 5. Frequency of the categories of the patch fading and wing damaging indices in males and females of all examined Cheimas opalinus specimens. (a) Males; (b) females (index categories explained in the text; for data table see Online Supplemental Material).
Figure 3 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 3. Different stages of blue patch fading and wing damaging in males and females of Cheimas opalinus: (a) young male of C. o. cristalinus (Pico Tonojo); (b) old male with signs of bird attack (Pico Tonojo); (c) another old male with signs of bird attack (Pico Tonojo); (d) young, virgin female of C. o. opalinus (El Potrero); (e) young, virgin female of C. o. rosalinus (Agua de Obispo); (f) young, mated female of C. o. dominici (El Baho) without patch.
Figure 9 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 9. Mating simulation experiment in Cheimas opalinus dominici. (a) Female hind wing mounted; (b) male hind wing mounted on the female hind wing; (c) male hind wing artificial movement over the female hind wing; (d) faded female dorsal hind wing after removing the male wing at the end of the experiment.
Figure 7 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Cheimas opalinus opalinus scales: (a) bluegreen (folded) and brown (flat) cover scales; (b) blue-green (folded) cover scales making up the hind wing dorsum structurally coloured patch; (c, d) microstructures of the blue-green colour-generating scale in two magnifications and different views, the periodicity of the cross ribs and the microribs on the side of the ridges are responsible; (e, f) female brown wing areas showing the scales of the hind wing dorsal surface (e) and the area of the blue patch after losing the blue colour-generating scales (f) (scale as indicated).
Figure 2 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 2. Young females of various subspecies of Cheimas opalinus (left column: virgin, right column: mated): (a, b) C. o. dominici (El Baho); (c, d) C. o. opalinus (El Potrero); (e, f) C. o. rosalinus (Paramo El Rosal).
Data from: The ecological stage changes benefits of mate choice and drives preference divergence
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Termite males enhance mating encounters by changing speed according to density
<ol> <li><span>Search theory predicts that animals evolve efficient movement patterns to enhance encounter rates with specific targets. The optimal movements vary with the surrounding environments, which may explain the observation that animals often switch their movement patterns depending on conditions. However, the effectiveness of behavioral change during search is rarely evaluated because it is difficult to examine the actual encounter dynamics.</span></li> <li><span>Here we studied how partner-seeking termites update their search strategies depending on the local densities of potential mates. After a dispersal flight, termites drop their wings and walk to search for a mate; when a female and a male meet, they form a female-led tandem pair and search for a favorable nesting site. If a pair is separated, they have two search options: reunite with their stray partner, or seek a new partner. We hypothesized that the density of individuals affects separation-reunion dynamics and thus the optimal search strategy.</span></li> <li><span>We observed the searching process across different densities and found that termite pairs were often separated but obtained a new partner quickly at high mate density. After separation, while females consistently slowed down, males increased their speed according to the density. Under high mate density, separated males obtained a partner earlier than females, who do not change movement with density.</span></li> <li><span>Our data-based simulations confirmed that the observed behavioral change by males contributes to enhancing encounters. Males at very low mate densities did best to move slowly and thereby reduce the risk of missing their stray partner, who is the only available mate. On the other hand, males that experienced high mate densities did better in mating encounters by moving fast because the risk of isolation is low, and they must compete with other males to find a partner.</span></li> <li><span>These results demonstrate that termite males adaptively update their search strategy depending on conditions. Understanding the encounter dynamics experienced by animals is key to connecting empirical work to the idealized search processes of theoretical studies. </span></li> </ol>
Mating under climate change: impact of simulated heatwaves on the reproduction of model pollinators (Dataset)
<ol> <li>Climate change is related to an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events such as heatwaves. It is well established that such events may worsen the current worldwide biodiversity decline. In many organisms, heat stress is associated with direct physiological perturbations and could lead to a decrease of fitness. In contrast to endotherms, heat stress resistance has been poorly investigated in heterotherms; especially in insects, in which the internal physiological mechanisms available to regulate body temperature are almost negligible making them sensitive to extreme temperature variations.</li> <li>Wild bees are crucial pollinators for wild plants and crops. Among them, bumblebees are experiencing a strong decline across the world. Therefore, the ongoing global decline of these insect pollinators partly due to climate change could cause major economic issues.</li> <li>Here, we assess how simulated heatwaves impact fertility and attractiveness (key parameters of sustainability) of bumblebee males. We used three model species: <i>Bombus terrestris</i>, a widespread and warm-adapted species, <i>B. magnus</i> and <i>B. jonellus</i>, two declining and cold-adapted species.</li> <li>We highlight that heat shock (40°C) negatively affects sperm viability and sperm DNA integrity only in the two cold-adapted species. Heat shock can also impact the structure of cephalic labial glands and the production of pheromones only in the declining species.</li> <li>The specific disruption in key reproductive traits we identify following simulated heatwave conditions could provide one important mechanistic explanation for why some pollinators are in decline through climate change.</li> </ol>
Data from: Survival costs of within‐ and between‐season mate change in the European Blackbird (Turdus merula)
Many studies of socially monogamous birds discuss the adaptive role of between-season partner change, but only a handful of them refer to the benefits of pair fidelity in terms of increased survival. Moreover, there are no studies describing the benefits of within-season mate retention. Our data relating to an urban population of European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) enabled us to test the dependence of survival on pair faithfulness. Because Blackbirds divorce within and between seasons, we were able to test the influence of pair faithfulness on their within- and between-season survival and mate fidelity. For this purpose, we used a multievent capture-mark-recapture (MECMR) statistical model, which is based on recapture rates and different pair states (faithful to mate, paired with new partner, or dead). Our study indicated that between- and within-season survival depends on pair states: pair-bond duration increases survival to the next capture occasion in both sexes. We found that the pair-bond duration to the current partner increased the chances of being with the same partner during the next breeding occasion, although we failed to find any within-season pair-bond influence for females. Our results showed sex differences in mating at the end of the season: females had a much smaller chance of breeding with the current new partner in the next year. This study has demonstrated that within- and between-season survival is dependent on mate retention, and we discuss this in the context of how searching for a new partner could affect the birds' survival.
Data from: Harvesting changes mating behavior in European lobster
Removing individuals from a wild population can affect the availability of prospective mates and the outcome of competitive interactions, with subsequent effects on mating patterns and sexual selection. Consequently, the rate of harvest-induced evolution is predicted to be strongly dependent on the strength and dynamics of sexual selection yet, there is limited empirical knowledge on the interplay between selective harvesting and the mating systems of exploited species. In this study, we used genetic parentage assignment to compare mating patterns of the highly valued and overexploited European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in a designated lobster reserve and nearby fished area in Southern Norway. In the area open to fishing, the fishery is regulated by a closed season, a minimum legal size and a ban on the harvest of egg-bearing females. Due to the differences in size and sex-specific fishing mortality between the two areas, males and females are of approximately equal average size in the fished area, whereas males tend to be larger in the reserve. Our results show that females would mate with males larger than their own body size, but the relative size difference was significantly larger in the reserve. Sexual selection acted positively on both body size and claw size in males in the reserve, while it was non-significant in fished areas. This strongly suggests that size truncation of males by fishing reduces the variability of traits that sexual selection acts upon. If fisheries continue to target large individuals (particularly males) with higher relative reproductive success, the weakening of sexual selection will likely accelerate fisheries-induced evolution towards smaller body size.
Data from: Meiotic drive changes sperm precedence patterns in house mice: potential for male alternative mating tactics
Background - With female multiple mating (polyandry), male-male competition extends to after copulation (sperm competition). Males respond to this selective pressure through physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations. Sperm competitiveness is commonly decreased in heterozygote carriers of male meiotic drivers, selfish genetic elements that manipulate the production of gametes in males. This might give carriers an evolutionary incentive to reduce the risk of sperm competition. Here, we explore this possibility in house mice. Natural populations frequently harbour a well-characterised male driver (t haplotype), which is transmitted to 90% of heterozygous (+/t) males' offspring. Previous research demonstrated strong detrimental effects on sperm competitiveness, and suggested that +/t males are particularly disadvantaged against wild type males when first-to-mate. Low paternity success in the first-to-mate role is expected to favour male adaptations that decrease the risk of sperm competition by preventing female remating. Genotype-specific paternity patterns (sperm precedence) could lead to genetically determined alternative reproductive tactics that can spread through gene level selection. Here, we seek confirmation that +/t males are generally disadvantaged when first-to-mate and address whether males of different genotypes differ in reproductive tactics (copulatory and morphological) to maximise individual or driver fitness. Finally, we attempt to explain the mechanistic basis for alternative sperm precedence patterns in this species. Results - We confirmed that +/t males are weak sperm competitors when first to mate. When two +/t males competed, the second-to-mate was more successful, which contrasts with first male sperm precedence when wild type males competed. However, we found no differences between male genotypes in reproductive behaviour or morphology that were consistent with alternative reproductive tactics. Sperm of +/+ and +/t males differed with respect to in vitro sperm features. Premature hypermotility in +/t males' sperm can potentially explain why +/t males are very weak sperm competitors when first-to-mate. Conclusions - Our results demonstrate that meiotic drivers can have strong effects on sperm precedence patterns, and may provide a heritable basis for alternative reproductive tactics motivated by reduced sperm competitiveness. We discuss how experimental and evolutionary constraints may help explain why male genotypes did not show the predicted differences.
Data from: Introduced parasite changes host phenotype, mating signal and hybridisation risk: Philornis downsi effects on Darwin's finch song
Introduced parasites that alter their host's mating signal can change the evolutionary trajectory of a species through sexual selection. Darwin's Camarhynchus finches are threatened by the introduced fly Philornis downsi that is thought to have accidentally arrived on the Galapagos Islands during the 1960s. The P. downsi larvae feed on the blood and tissue of developing finches causing on average ~55 % in-nest mortality and enlarged naris size in survivors. Here we test if enlarged naris size is associated with song characteristics and vocal deviation in the small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus), the critically endangered medium tree finch (C. pauper), and the recently observed hybrid tree finch group (Camarhynchus hybrids). Male C. parvulus and C. pauper with enlarged naris size produced song with lower maximum frequency and greater vocal deviation, but there was no significant association in hybrids. Less vocal deviation predicted faster pairing success in both parental species. Finally, C. pauper males with normal naris size produced species-specific song, but male C. pauper with enlarged naris size had song that was indistinguishable from other tree finches. When parasites disrupt host mating signal, they may also facilitate hybridisation. Here we show how parasite-induced naris enlargement affects vocal quality resulting in blurred species mating signals.
Data from: Environmental change mediates mate choice for an extended phenotype, but not for mate quality
Sexual cues, including extended phenotypes, are expected to be reliable indicators of male genetic quality and/or provide information on parental quality. However, the reliability of these cues may be dependent on stability of the environment, with heterogeneity affecting how selection acts on such traits. Here we test how environmental change mediates mate choice for multiple sexual traits, including an extended phenotype – the structure of male-built nests – in stickleback fish. First, we manipulated the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water to create high or low DO environments in which male fish built nests. Then we recorded the mate choice of females encountering these males (and their nests), under either the same or reversed DO conditions. Males in high DO environments built more compact nests than those in low DO conditions and males adjusted their nest structure in response to changing conditions. Female mate choice for extended phenotype (male nests) was environmentally-dependent (females chose more compact nests in high DO conditions), while female choice for male phenotype was not (females chose large, vigorous males regardless of DO level). Examining mate choice in this dynamic context suggests that females evaluate the reliability of multiple sexual cues, taking into account environmental heterogeneity.
Termite males enhance mating encounters by changing speed according to density
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Data from: Harvesting changes mating behavior in European lobster
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Data from: Rearing temperature influences adult response to changes in mating status
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Data from: Survival costs of within‐ and between‐season mate change in the European Blackbird (Turdus merula)
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Data from: Introduced parasite changes host phenotype, mating signal and hybridisation risk: Philornis downsi effects on Darwin’s finch song
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Data from: Environmental change mediates mate choice for an extended phenotype, but not for mate quality
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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