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Figure 26 in The dark side of birds: melanism-facts and fiction

Figure 26. Another form of melanism in Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix specimens at Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, which alters the pattern and markings, resulting in a paler appearance than normal; compare female with right-hand bird in Fig. 24. (Hein van Grouw)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Figure 1. Pseudomops septentrionalis. A-F. Color variation. A-C. Light form. D-F. Melanic form. G in First records of Pseudomops septentrionalis Hebard, 1917 (Blattodea: Blattellidae) in Nuevo León, Mexico

Figure 1. Pseudomops septentrionalis. A-F. Color variation. A-C. Light form. D-F. Melanic form. G. Abdomen in dorsal view, showing tufts of piliform bristles in T-3 and T-4. H-J. Specimens in their natural habitat. / A-F. Variación de color. A-C. Forma clara. D-F. Forma melánica. G. Abdomen en vista dorsal, mostrando mechones de cerdas piliformes en T-3 y T-4. H-J. Espécimenes en su hábitat natural.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2014View details →

Figure 2 in Melanic hyper-pigmentation in the genus Lepidion (Gadiformes: Moridae)

Figure 2. - Specimen of Lepidion lepidion with advanced melanistic hyperpigmentation swimming over Madrepora aculeata and Cerianthus sp. in La Gaviera Canyon (Cantabrian Sea).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2014View details →

Figure 1 in Melanic hyper-pigmentation in the genus Lepidion (Gadiformes: Moridae)

Figure 1. - Melanic and normal pigmentation in the genus Lepidion. A: Hyperpigmentation in L. lepidion IEOST10052; B: Specimen of L. lepidion showing a normal pigmentation; C: Detail of L. guentheri specimen reported in Bañón et al. (2010); D: L. lepidion in Moreau, 1881.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2014View details →

Figure. 3 in Melanic hyper-pigmentation in the genus Lepidion (Gadiformes: Moridae)

Figure. 3 - Microphotographs of hypermelanized skin sections. A: Pigmented cell proliferation in the superficial dermis (stratum laxum) (arrows). H-E staining. Insert: distribution of melanophores (arrows) in normal pigmented skin. H-E staining. B: Hyperplasia of melanophores in superficial dermis forming a thick heavily pigmented layer beneath the epidermis (arrow). H-E staining. C: Foci of hyperplasic melanophores densely clustered. H-E staining. D: Positive argentaffin reaction of melanin granules. FM staining. dd: deep dermis; ep: epidermis; sc: scale. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C = 20 µm; D = 100 µm.

TABLE 1 in The dark side of birds: melanism-facts and fiction

TABLE 1 Some examples of melanistic individuals named as new species.<table><tbody><tr><th>‘New’ species</th><th>Actual species</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Mountain Partridge, Perdix montana Brisson, 1760</th><td>Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (Linnaeus, 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Sabine’s Snipe Scolopax sabinii Vigors, 1825</th><td>Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Dicaeum aterrimum Lesson, 1830</th><td>Bananaquit Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Pyrocephalus obscurus Gould, 1839</th><td>Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783)</td></tr><tr><th>Chestnut-coloured Partridge Ortyx castaneus Gould, 1842</th><td>Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Black Fantail Rhipidura melanura G. R. Gray, 1843</th><td>New Zealand Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa (Sparrman, 1787)</td></tr><tr><th>Black Woodhen Gallirallus fuscus Du Bus, 1847</th><td>Weka Gallirallus australis (Sparrman, 1786)</td></tr><tr><th>English Rock Dove Columba affinis Blyth, 1847</th><td>Rock Dove Columba livia J. F. Gmelin, 1789</td></tr><tr><th>Rufous-bellied Coucal Centropus epomidis Bonaparte, 1850</th><td>Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766)</td></tr><tr><th>Black-shouldered Peafowl Pavo nigripennis P. L. Sclater, 1860</th><td>Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758</td></tr><tr><th>Perdix atro-rufa Soland, 1861</th><td>Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Verreaux’s Quail Synoicus lodoisiae J. Verreaux & des Murs, 1862</th><td>Common Quail Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Black Penguin Eudyptes atratus Hutton, 1875</th><td>Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus G. R. Gray, 1845</td></tr><tr><th>Tetrastes griseiventris Menzbier, 1880</th><td>Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758)</td></tr><tr><th>Monarcha ugiensis Ramsay, 1882</th><td>Chestnut-bellied Monarch Monarch castaneiventris J. Verreaux, 1858</td></tr><tr><th>Cory’s Bittern Ardetta neoxena Cory, 1886</th><td>Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)</td></tr><tr><th>Sharpe’s Rail Stictolimnas sharpei Büttikofer, 1893</th><td>Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis (Linnaeus, 1766)</td></tr><tr><th>Von Huegel’s Snipe Gallinago huegeli Tristram, 1893</th><td>New Zealand Snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica (G. R. Gray 1845)</td></tr><tr><th>Willkonsky’s Owl Syrnium willkonskii Menzbier, 1896</th><td>Tawny Owl Strix aluco Linnaeus, 1758</td></tr></tbody></table>

Figure 23 in The dark side of birds: melanism-facts and fiction

Figure 23. Pl. 14 in A. B. Meyer (1887) Unser Auer-, Rackel-und Birkwild und seine Abarten showing Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix × ptarmigan Lagopus sp. hybrids (Hein van Grouw, © Natural History Museum, London)

Figure 12 in The dark side of birds: melanism-facts and fiction

Figure 12. Melanistic morph of Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla heineken, Madeira, 27 April 2008; the normal black head markings have overrun their boundaries, whilst the rest of the plumage is darker as well (Hadoram Shirihai)

Figure 1 in The dark side of birds: melanism-facts and fiction

Figure 1. Hand-coloured copper engraving of 'Perdix fuscus' from Vorstellung der Vögel Deutschlands (1763) by Johann Leonhard Frisch; the same mutation as Brisson's Perdix montana, i.e. a melanistic Grey Partridge P. perdix (Hein van Grouw, © Natural History Museum, London)

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

zenodo36/100

A biomimetic approach to shielding from ionizing radiation: the case of melanized fungi

Experimental data and Jupyter notebooks supporting the article "A biomimetic approach to shielding from ionizing radiation: the case of melanized fungi". The repository folder: <ul> <li>experiments contains the recordings from the shielding experiments. The directory name is the date the data was recorded. The files are ASCII text at the native output of WinSPEC for Inspectors format (see <a href="https://www.gbs-elektronik.de/en/downloads/downloads-nuclear-measurements.php?lang=EN">supplier website</a> for more information).</li> <li>geant_apps contains the Geant4 applications and output files from the simulations. Any application can be compiled and installed using cmake, similar to the Geant4 examples.</li> <li>python contains the <a href="https://jupyter.org/">Jupyter notebooks</a> to produce the figures and the tables on the aforementioned article.</li> </ul> To compile the Geant4 applications, an installation of <a href="https://geant4.web.cern.ch/">Geant4</a> is needed. The results in the repository were obtain using Geant4 10.5.

zenodo36/100

Figs 1-16 in Notes on the genus Psychonotis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Western New Guinea (Papua and Papua Barat), with description of a new subspecies of P. melane (Joicey & Talbot, 1916)

Figs 1-16. Psychonotis caelius plateni (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1896) [all in CSSK].

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2019View details →

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Data for: Ebony underpins Batesian mimicry in melanic stoneflies

The evolution of Batesian mimicry – whereby harmless species avoid predation through their resemblance to harmful species – has long intrigued biologists. In rare cases, Batesian mimicry is linked to intraspecific colour variation, in which only some individuals within a population resemble a noxious 'model'. Here, we assess intraspecific colour variation within a widespread New Zealand stonefly, wherein highly melanised individuals of Zelandoperla closely resemble a chemically defended aposematic stonefly, Austroperla cyrene. We assess convergence in the colour pattern of these two species, compare their relative palatability to predators, and use genome-wide association mapping to assess the genetic basis of this resemblance. Our analysis reveals that melanised Zelandoperla overlap significantly with Austroperla in colour space, but are significantly more palatable to predators, implying that they are indeed Batesian mimics. Analysis of 194,773 genome-wide SNPs reveals an outlier locus (ebony) strongly differentiating melanic versus non-melanic Zelandoperla. Genotyping of 338 specimens from a single Zelandoperla population indicates that ebony explains nearly 70% of the observed variance in melanism. As ebony has a well-documented role in insect melanin biosynthesis, our findings indicate this locus has a conserved function across deeply divergent hexapod lineages. Distributional records suggest a link between the occurrence of melanic Zelandoperla and the forested ecosystems where the model Austroperla is abundant, suggesting the potential for adaptive shifts in this system underpinned by environmental change.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

How melanism affects the sensitivity of lizards to climate change

The impact of climate change on global biodiversity is firmly established, but the differential effect of climate change on populations within the same species is rarely considered. In ectotherms, melanism (i.e. darker integument due to heavier deposition of melanin) can significantly influence thermoregulation, as dark individuals generally heat more and faster than bright ones. Therefore, darker ectotherms might be more susceptible to climate change. Using the color-polyphenic lizard Karusasaurus polyzonus (Squamata: Cordylidae), we hypothesized that, under future climatic projections, darker populations will decrease their activity time more than brighter ones due to their greater potential for overheating. To test this, we mechanistically modeled the body temperatures of 56 individuals from five differently-colored populations under present and future climate conditions. We first measured morphological traits and integumentary reflectance from live animals, and then collected physiological data from the literature. We used a biophysical model to compute activity time of individual lizards as proxy for their viability, and thereby predict how different populations will cope with future climate conditions. Contrary to our expectations, we found that all populations will increase activity time and, specifically, that darker populations will become relatively more active than bright ones. This suggests that darker populations of K. polyzonus may benefit from global warming. Our study emphasizes the importance of accounting for variation between populations when studying responses to climate change, as we must consider these variations to develop efficient and specific conservation strategies.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Melanic pigmentation and light preference within and between two Drosophila species

Environmental adaptation and species divergence often involve suites of co-evolving traits. Pigmentation in insects presents a variable, adaptive, and well-characterized class of phenotypes for which correlations with multiple other traits have been demonstrated. In Drosophila, the pigmentation genes ebony and tan have pleiotropic effects on flies' response to light, creating the potential for correlated evolution of pigmentation and vision. Here we investigate differences in light preference within and between two sister species, Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana, which differ in pigmentation in part because of evolution at ebony and tan, and occupy environments that differ in many variables including solar radiation. We hypothesized that lighter pigmentation would be correlated with a greater preference for environmental light, and tested this hypothesis using a habitat choice experiment. In a first set of experiments, using males of D. novamexicana line N14 and D. americana line A00, the light-bodied D. novamexicana was found slightly but significantly more often than D. americana in the light habitat. A second experiment, which included additional lines and females as well as males, failed to find any significant difference between D. novamexicana-N14 and D. americana-A00. Additionally, the other dark line of D. americana (A04) was found in the light habitat more often than the light-bodied D. novamexicana-N14, in contrast to our predictions. However, the lightest line of D. americana, A01, was found substantially and significantly more often in the light habitat than the two darker lines of D. americana, thus providing partial support for our hypothesis. Finally, across all four lines, females were found more often in the light habitat than their more darkly-pigmented male counterparts. Additional replication is needed to corroborate these findings and evaluate conflicting results, with the consistent effect of sex within and between species providing an especially intriguing avenue for further research.