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FIGURE 6 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 6. Hemimandible shape transformation along of PC1 (morphospace see on Figure 5B). A1, Shape transformation toward of the negative end of PC1 (corresponding to S. tundrensis). A2, Hemimandible of S. tundrensis (ZIN 107833/1149, PtU) in medial view, with an impose mandibular ramus contour of S. araneus (B2). B1, Shape transformation toward of the positive end of PC1 (corresponding to S. araneus). B2, Hemimandible of S. araneus (ZIN 96960; Ser'ga Riv., Mid. Ural). C, Inset from Figure 5B: result of PCA. Key: a, shape change in the posterior shift of the whole cheek-teeth row, with shortening the 'angle' between the m3 posterior alveolus and the mandibular ramus base; b, shape change in the anterior overall inclination of the mandibular ramus; c, shape change in the anterior shift of the condylar process.

FIGURE 3 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 3. Two-dimensional-landmarks and semilandmarks position on the occlusal view of the first lower molar (m1) and medial view of the hemimandible of shrews, and three linear measurements. A1, Diagrammatic image of m1 in occlusal view, with the conids marking. A2, Landmarked m1 in the 'functional view' sense Polly (2003). B1, Right hemimandible, with teeth and parts marking. B2, Landmarked right hemimandible (6 lms, 42 sms). Key: aLm1-m3, alveolar length of the lower molars row(aLML); cn, carnassial notch (notches nomenclature by Lopatin, 2006); lm, landmark (pl. lms); Lm1, lingual length of m1; MRH, mandibular ramus height; pn, protocristid notch; pr., process; sm, semilandmark (pl. sms). Description of the landmarks position see in Appendix 3; some problems that may arise with landmarking the fossil and recent specimens graphically resolving in Appendix 3 (Figure A3-1). Mandible of S. araneus (ZIN 107833/1001, PtU; 2D-image of 3D-model). Unscaled.

FIGURE A4-2 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A4-2. Measurements of the m1 and m2 of Beremendiini specimens: A. Common graph for eight species (by Zazhigin and Voyta, 2019, with changes); B Magnified part of graph with variability area of European samples of B. fissidens (dark grey convex hull as for A, original material of B. fissidens (three- and four-digit numbers), Lunanosorex lii (Ll), B. pohaiensis (Pph), B. pliocaenica (Ppl); C. Measurements for each holotype. Abbreviations: Bf_B5 — B. fissidens from Beremend 5 locality (Hungary; late Pleistocene); L(m1) — m1 length; L(m2) — m2 length; Ll_QP — L. lii from Qipanshan Hill locality (China; late Pliocene); Ll_HX — L. lii from Houxushan Hill locality (China; late Pliocene); Pph_h1 — holotype dimensions from original description of B. pohaiensis; Pph_h2 — holotype of B. pohaiensis re-dimensions by Jin and Kawamura (1996); Pph_HAI — B. pohaiensis from Haimao locality (China; early Pleistocene); Pph_r — redemensions of replicated B. pohaiensis holotype by Zazhigin and Voyta (2019); Ppl_h4 — holotype dimen - sions from original description of B. pliocaenica; Ppl_h5 — re-dimensions of B. pliocaenica holotype by Jin, Kawamura (1996).

FIGURE 4 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 4. Results of the principal component analysis based on the m1 shape. The tooth data set represented three repetitions of four samples within space of PC1 and PC2: SeV, SeF, SeH and PtU. A, PCA result (PC1 vs. PC2). B1, m1 shape in a transformation frame on the negative end of PC1. B2, ibid., on the positive end of PC1. B3, ibid., on the positive end of PC2. B4, ibid., on the negative end of PC2. C1, Simulation of the buccal inclination of the 3D-model during an image acquisition that partly corresponds to the shape variation along of PC1 (X-state). C2, Simulation of the lingual inclination of the 3D-model during an image acquisition (Y-state). C3, Consensus position (correct for image acquisition) of m1. D, Diagrammatic image of the maximal variance disparity definition among three repetitions. Key: a, MEr trajectory between repeats of the Serov race samples; b, MEr trajectory between repeats of the Pechora race sample; c, d, opposite swinging of the 3D-model during the image acquisition; R, repetition; i–vii, differences (see the main text).

FIGURE 5 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 5. Results of the principal component analysis based on the m1 shape (A) and hemimandible shape (B) datasets, combined of S. araneus and S. tundrensis samples. Samples dispersion displayed as convex hulls. Key: ars, specimens of S. araneus from 'non-chromosomal' samples; Dan'(D), sample of S. tundrensis from Dan' village; tdr, S. tundrensis.

FIGURE 2 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 2. Chronological ranges for the Late Pleistocene and Holocene fossil samples of soricids from North, Middle, South and Pre-Ural localities, with information on 14C dating (provided calibrated dates; used intCal20 Curve [Reimer et al., 2020]), geochronology of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene by GICC05 Project (Rasmussen et al., 2006; Andersen et al., 2006; Svensson et al., 2008) and climate-stratigraphic units (Bond and Lotti, 1995; Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005; Rasmussen et al., 2014; Railsback et al., 2015). Key: a, cooling in the Late Holocene stage; AT, Atlantic Climate-Stratigraphic Unit; b, warming from the Early to Middle Holocene stages; BAIC, BØlling-AllerØd Interstadial (= GI1); BO, Boreal Climate-Stratigraphic Unit; c, DO1 unit position; Inter., intermediate fauna between warm and cold (vice versa) intervals; GI1/GS1-GS4, Greenland Interstadials/Stadial Units (Rasmussen et al., 2014) that have been synchronized with the Marine Isotope Stages — MIS1-MIS2 (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005; Railsback et al., 2015); GICC05, Isotope Curve of the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 Project for 55 kyr BP interval (Rasmussen et al., 2006; Andersen et al., 2006; Svensson et al., 2008); LGM, Last Glacial Maximum (= GS4–GS2.1); LGT, Late Glacial Transition (= GS2.1); PB, Preboreal Climate-Stratigraphic Unit; SA, Subatlantic Climate-Stratigraphic Unit; SB, Subboreal Climate-Stratigraphic Unit; YD, Younger Dryas Stadial (= GS1). Acronyms of the samples see in Figure 1 and Appendix 2. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Schema by Cohen and Gibbard (2019); *, data by Fadeeva (2016): B. Makh. — Bolshaya Makhnevskaya Cave (horizon 140–147 cm); Koz iy S. — Koziy Stone Rock (horizon 135–145 cm); Rasik/B21 — Rasik Grot (lay er 21); Rasik/B27 — Rasik Grot (layer 27).

FIGURE A3-1 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A3-1. Landmarks position on the medial surface of the dentary in relation to the teeth in recent materials and the alveoli edges in fossils. The image admits a similar position of the landmarks with and without teeth. For an unambiguous definition of the landmarks position is required a marking the alveoli edge before a photo acquisition.

FIGURE 1 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 1. Geographic location of paleontological sites (red dots) and recent samples of S. araneus (dark blue dots) and S. tundrensis (green dots), with diagrammatic drawings of modern boundaries of the species geographic ranges. A, Modern geographic ranges of S. araneus (red line) and S. tundrensis (dark blue line) in Palearctic by source: https:/ /www.iucnredlist.org/ (Hutterer and Kryštufek, 2016; Tsytsulina et al., 2016). B1, Location of samples and fossil sites in Pre-Ural, Ural and West Siberia regions. B2, Location of recent samples in Arkhangelskaya Oblast' and Komi Republic (magnified inset from B1). C, Eastern samples of S. tundrensis. Key: A1–A2, S. araneus samples; Cher1, Cheremukhovo-1 Cave; Da, Dan' sample; DKS, Dyrovatyi Kamen' Grot; F, data by Fadeeva (2016); PtU, sample of the Pechora chromocomal race of S. araneus, 'Ulashevo'; Ra, Ramen'e sample; SeF, sample of the Serov race, 'Foothill'; SeH, sample of the Serov race, 'Hill'; SeV, sample of the Serov race, 'Valley'; Sim3, Sim III Cave; T1–T7, S. tundrensis samples. Detailed information see in Appendices 1–2. Map source: ESRI (http://www.esri.com/) via SASPlanet Application (ver. 160707.9476).

FIGURE A4-1 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A4-1. Result of principal component analyses based on the m1 shape. The tooth data represented as three repetition of four samples within space of PC1 and PC2: SeV, SeF, SeH and PtU.

FIGURE 7 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 7. Result of regression analyses and the normality test of two linear characters, aLML and MRH. A, Fitting data (aLML vs MRH; n = 138) to a von Bertalanffy growth model. B, aLML values distribution histogram with a gap marking between two subsamples. C, Visual combination of the result of four separate regression analyses: line d1, von Bertalanffy (n = 138); d2 line, bivariate linear regression (BLR; S. tundrensis, n = 20); d3 line, BLR (PtU, n = 56); d4 line, BLR (Serov, n = 45). D, The regression line parameters, d1–d4. Key: a, line of Gaussian distribution; b, gap, detected by the W-test; c, an overlapping zone, calculated by the predicted values (μ ± 2σ); PtU (1063), re-defined specimen (from S. araneus to S. tundrensis).

FIGURE 10 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 10. Combined plot of three-dimensional landmarks data set of m1 (A), visualization of two first axes of PCA (phylomorphospace) performed on three-dimensional data set of the m1 shape with phylogenetic projection (B), molecular phylogeny (concatenated tree based on seven mitochondrial and nuclear genes; source: Bannikova et al., 2018; see Appendix 6), displaying the estimated phylogenetic relationships among Sorex species (C), and visualization of the shape changes between S. tundrensis (upper teeth, red points) (D) and S. araneus (lower teeth, blue points) (E). A, m1 in subocclusal (upper) and subapical (bottom) views with landmarks position (Appendix 3: Table A3-3). B, Phylomorphospace of 7 soricine species (six Sorex, ingroup; Neomys outgroup). C, Phylogenetic tree. D1(E1), Shape transformation in the apical view. D2 (E2), Shape transformation in the lingual view. D3(E3), Shape transformation in the posterior view. Key: i, elongation of the tooth crown base in S. tundrensis; ii, narrowing the crown base in S. tundrensis; iii, posterior shifting of the paraconid of S. tundrensis; iv, swallowing the protocristid notch of S. tundrensis; v, shortening of the hypolophid of S. tundrensis. D, E unscaled.

FIGURE A3-3 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A3-3. Key points of the m1 alignment into 'Functional View.' A, Reference image that prepared before a mass processing of the images (is opening during the image processing within a separate window for collation). B, Four key points that help m1 alignment: overall view of the paraconid and the anterior edge of m1; the functional view of the protoconid, i.e. the pre- and postprotocristid external edges hide a buccal surface of the trigonid; a view of the oblique cristid contact in manner of two planes as shown in C; and a shape (narrow triangle) of the posterobuccal surface of the talonid. D, m1 conids. Abbreviations: a, b — planes of oblique cristid and the trigonid posterior border.

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-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 PC1 (29.8% of total variance) Fig. 8. Morphospace plot of the first two PCO axes generated in the R statistical environment (Claddis package). Branches are superimposed from a single representative topology selected from amongst the 48 MPTs. in The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 PC1 (29.8% of total variance) Fig. 8. Morphospace plot of the first two PCO axes generated in the R statistical environment (Claddis package). Branches are superimposed from a single representative topology selected from amongst the 48 MPTs.

Fig. 1 in Comparative analysis of morphospace of Neotropical Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): disparity in the light of species diversity and activity patterns

Fig. 1 Measured traits and specimen habitus (examples). Schematic drawings of a Sericini beetle (from Ahrens, 2004): A dorsal view; D partial lateral aspect; B head, dorsal view, C head lateral view; E leg, ventrolateral view; F Maladera cardoni; G Neoserica sp.; H Anomioserica sp.; I Oxyserica sp.; J Symmela mutabilis; K Astanea producta. EL maximal elytra length, EW maximal body width, MEL maximal length of metepisternum, ED maximal eye diameter, IOD minimal interocular distance, MCL maximal length of metacoxa, MTL maximal length of metatibia, MTW maximal width of metatibia

Fig. 5 in Comparative analysis of morphospace of Neotropical Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): disparity in the light of species diversity and activity patterns

Fig. 5 Patterns of disparity derived from discrete morphological data: plots of axis 1 and 2 from principal coordinate analysis. Color coding of Neotropical genera corresponds to that of Fig. 4

Fig. 3 in Comparative analysis of morphospace of Neotropical Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): disparity in the light of species diversity and activity patterns

Fig. 3 Boxplots for selected genera of the total body length (in mm), of the ratio maximal body width/ maximal elytra length (EL), of the ratio metatibial length/maximal metatibial width, of the ratio maxi-

Fig. 4 in Comparative analysis of morphospace of Neotropical Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): disparity in the light of species diversity and activity patterns

Fig. 4 Patterns of disparity derived from morphospace: plots of PC 1 and 2 A raw data (all); B raw data (BL excluded), C log-normalized data (all); D log-normalized data (BL excluded)

Fig. 2 in Comparative analysis of morphospace of Neotropical Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): disparity in the light of species diversity and activity patterns

Fig. 2 Illustration of potential trait correlation: A elytral length vs total body length, B maximum body width vs. vs total body length, C maximum body width vs. elytral length, D size of eyes (i.e., maximum ratio ocular diameter/minimum interocular distance) vs maxi-