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62 results for “mycorrhizae”
The use of plant, bacterial and fungal resources in soil food webs of ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza-dominated deciduous forests
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Data for: Mycorrhizas drive the evolution of plant adaptation to drought
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The diversity of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shape subtropical mountain forest ecosystem functioning
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Mycorrhizae influence plant vegetative and floral traits and intraspecific trait variation
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Data from: Partial mycoheterotrophy in green plants forming Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza requires a thorough investigation
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Climate and mycorrhizae mediate the relationship of tree species diversity and carbon stocks in subtropical forests
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Eco-evolutionary consequences of living with close relatives: Resistance to herbivores and climatic stress increases with investment into mycorrhiza in adult oaks
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Mycorrhiza: Saprotroph interactions and carbon cycling in the rhizosphere
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Mycorrhiza-dependent drivers of the positive rhizosphere effects on the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration in subtropical forests
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Survey 200 long term study of multiple sites in central Arizona-Phoenix: decomposition, mycorrhizae, and on-site climate - survey year 2000
The Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) is an extensive field survey and integrated inventory designed to capture key ecological indicators of the CAP LTER study area consisting of the urbanized, suburbanized, and agricultural areas of metropolitan Phoenix, and the surrounding Sonoran desert. The survey is conducted every five years at approximately 200 sample plots (30m x 30m) that were located randomly using a tessellation-stratified dual-density sampling design. Study plots cover habitats throughout the CAP LTER study area ranging from native Sonoran desert sites to residential yards to an airport tarmac. Measurements include an inventory of all plants (identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit, typically species), plant biovolume, soil coring for physicochemical properties, arthropod sweep-net sampling, photo documentation, and a visual survey of site and area characteristics. The objectives of the survey are to (1) characterize patches in terms of key biotic, physical, and chemical variables, and (2) examine relationships among land use, general plant diversity, native plant diversity, plant biovolume, soil nutrient status, and social-economic indices along an indirect urban gradient. A pilot survey was conducted in 1999, and the first full ESCA was conducted in 2000. The maiden survey in 2000 featured a suite of measurements, such as quantifying pollen from soil samples, measuring weather at the survey site, breakdown of organic matter, etc., that were not assessed in later surveys. The data set here includes a subset of data from the Survey200/ESCA focusing exclusively on measurements that were conducted during the year 2000 survey only, and were not continued in subsequent surveys. The focus of this data set includes: local climate at the time of surveying in the field, land use up to 100 meters beyond the survey plot boundary, breakdown of organic matter (as dowels and litter bags), and soil mycorrhiza. Survey 200 was the original name of the
Mycorrhizae in an experimental urban landscaped site in central Arizona-Phoenix
The primary objective of this project is to study Mycorrhizal relationships at an experimental xeric urban landscaped site . One study quantified the local diversity and spatial patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species. AMF species at 25 points in a 9.2 x 9.2 m regular grid pattern were identified using trap cultures. A total of twelve species were detected, with seven species detected in one plot and eleven in the other. Sampling effort curves and jackknife estimates indicate that a limited number of species was still undetected. No single species was dominant at either plot, and a rank-frequency plot for the site revealed a log-normal species distribution. The number of AMF species was not correlated with proximity to plants. Despite the patchiness of plants in the plots, the number of species detected per point exhibited spatial structuring only at the smallest sampling scale in a single plot, and only a single species in each plot was non-randomly distributed.The results indicate that there is a diverse AMF propagule bank at the site and/or there has been significant in-migration from the surrounding metacommunity. The second study examined the effects of three shoot pruning techniques (shearing every 6 weeks, heading back every 6 months and renewal pruning every year) on root length density, biomass, AMF colonization and soil respiration in two woody shrubs, Nerium oleander (oleander) and Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas sage). Roots were sampled at the base of plants by soil coring to depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in February, after the shearing and heading back treatments had been imposed, but prior to the first renewal pruning, and in May, after all treatments had been imposed. Shearing stimulated root biomass in Nerium in February, but shearing and renewal pruning reduced biomass compared to unpruned plants in both species in May. Nerium colonization was stimulated by shearing and heading back in February and by shearing and renewal pruning in
Data from: Genotype-specific effects of ericoid mycorrhizae on floral traits and reproduction in Vaccinium corymbosum
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Most plants interact with mycorrhizal fungi and animal pollinators simultaneously. Yet, the effects of mycorrhizae on pollination are poorly understood. Here, we examined how inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi affected flowering phenology, floral traits, and reproductive success among eight genotypes of Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae). We asked three overarching questions: 1) do genotypes differ in response to inoculation? 2) How does inoculation affect floral and flowering traits? 3) Are inoculated plants more attractive to pollinators and thus less pollen limited than non-inoculated plants of the same genotype? METHODS: To examine these questions, we experimentally inoculated plants with fungal spores at planting, grew them in the field, and took flowering and floral measurements over two years. In year two, we conducted a hand-pollination experiment to test if plants differed in pollen limitation. KEY RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that inoculated plants had significantly higher levels of colonization for some genotypes but not all, and there were significant floral trait changes in inoculated plants for some genotypes as well. On average, inoculated plants produced significantly larger floral displays, more fruits/inflorescence, and heavier fruits with lower sugar content, than non-inoculated, control plants. Hand pollination enhanced the production of fruits, and fruit mass, for non-inoculated plants but not for those that were inoculated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that ericoid mycorrhizal fungi enhance flowering and alter investment in reproduction in genotype-specific ways. These findings underscore the importance of examining belowground symbionts to fully understand the drivers of aboveground interactions.
Fertilizer quantity and type alter mycorrhizae-conferred growth and resistance to herbivores
<p>1. Plants face a constant struggle to acquire nutrients and defend themselves against herbivores. Mycorrhizae are fungal mutualists that provide nutrients that can increase plant growth and alter resistance to herbivores. The beneficial effects of mycorrhizae for nutrient acquisition can depend on the quantity and type of soil nutrients available, with plants usually benefiting more in terms of growth from mycorrhizae when nutrients are limited. However, it is unclear how the addition of different nutrients might shift mycorrhizal conferred resistance to herbivores by changing defensive secondary chemistry and nutrient availability.</p> <p>2. We conducted two concurrent greenhouse experiments to test how three levels of fertilizer (low, medium, and high) and three types of fertilizer (organic, organically derived, and inorganic) altered mycorrhizae-conferred resistance to herbivores in tomato plants. In addition, we looked at whether mycorrhizae-conferred resistance was driven by plant secondary metabolites or the nutrient content of the leaves.</p> <p><span>3. Association with mycorrhizae was associated with an increase in biomass at low levels of fertilization and decreased biomass at high levels </span>of fertilization. Interestingly, mycorrhizae increased resistance to herbivores at medium levels of fertilization, but had no effect at low and high levels of fertilization. Mycorrhizae improved resistance most strongly when plants were fertilized with a high phosphorus, organically derived fertilizer. In both experiments, increased resistance was correlated with changes in the plant's foliar nitrogen content.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Our study supports the potential for mycorrhizae to improve either crop growth or pest resistance under lower fertilizer conditions. However, mycorrhizae did not provide both growth and resistance benefits under any treatment. While mycorrhizae have the potential to benefit crops in in lower input systems, it may be challenging to maximize both growth and resistance benefits.</p>
Data from: Exploiting mycorrhizas in broad daylight: partial mycoheterotrophy is a common nutritional strategy in meadow orchids.
Partial mycoheterotrophy (PMH) is a nutritional mode in which plants utilize organic matter, i.e. carbon, both from photosynthesis and a fungal source. The latter reverses the direction of plant-to-fungus carbon flow as usually assumed in mycorrhizal mutualisms. Based on significant enrichment in the heavy isotope 13C, a growing number of PMH orchid species have been identified. These PMH orchids are mostly associated with fungi simultaneously forming ectomycorrhizas with forest trees. In contrast, the much more common orchids that associate with rhizoctonia fungi, which are decomposers, have stable isotope profiles most often characterized by high 15N enrichment and high nitrogen concentrations but either an insignificant 13C enrichment or depletion relative to autotrophic plants. Using hydrogen stable isotope abundances recent investigations showed PMH in rhizoctonia-associated orchids growing under light-limited conditions. Hydrogen isotope abundances can be used as substitute for carbon isotope abundances in cases where autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon sources are insufficiently distinctive to indicate PMH. To determine whether rhizoctonia-associated orchids growing in habitats with high irradiance feature PMH as a nutritional mode, we sampled 13 orchid species growing in montane meadows, four forest orchid species and 34 autotrophic reference species. We analysed δ2H, δ13C, δ15N and δ18O and determined nitrogen concentrations. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi were identified by DNA sequencing. As expected, we found high enrichments in 2H, 13C, 15N and nitrogen concentrations in the ectomycorrhiza-associated forest orchids, and the rhizoctonia-associated Neottia cordata from a forest site was identified as PMH. Most orchids inhabiting sunny meadows lacked 13C enrichment or were even significantly depleted in 13C relative to autotrophic references. However, we infer PMH for the majority of these meadow orchids due to both significant 2H and 15N enrichment and high nitrogen concentrations. Pseudorchis albida was the sole autotrophic orchid in this study as it exhibited neither enrichment in any isotope nor a distinctive leaf nitrogen concentration. Synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that partial mycoheterotrophy is a trophic continuum between the extreme endpoints of autotrophy and full mycoheterotrophy, ranging from marginal to pronounced. In rhizoctonia-associated orchids, partial mycoheterotrophy plays a far greater role than previously assumed, even in full light conditions.
Data from: Host-specific effects of soil microbial filtrates prevail over those of arbuscular mycorrhizae in a fragmented landscape
Plant-soil interactions have been shown to determine plant community composition in a wide range of environments. However, how plants distinctly interact with beneficial and detrimental organisms across mosaic landscapes containing fragmented habitats is still poorly understood. We experimentally tested feedback responses between plants and soil microbial communities from adjacent habitats across a disturbance gradient within a human-modified tropical montane landscape. In a greenhouse experiment, two components of soil microbial communities were amplified; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and a filtrate excluding AMF spores from the soils of pastures (high disturbance), coffee plantations (intermediate disturbance), and forest fragments (low disturbance), using potted seedlings of 11 plant species common in these habitats (pasture grass, coffee, and 9 native species). We then examined their effects on growth of these same 11 host species with reciprocal habitat inoculation. Most plant species received a similar benefit from AMF, but differed in their response to the filtrates from the three habitats. Soil filtrate from pastures had a net negative effect on plant growth, while filtrates from coffee plantations and forests had a net positive effect on plant growth. Pasture grass, coffee and five pioneer tree species performed better with the filtrate from "away" (where these species rarely occur) compared to "home" (where these species typically occur) habitat soils, while four shade tolerant tree species grew similarly with filtrates from different habitats. These results suggest that pastures accumulate species-specific soil enemies, while coffee plantations and forests accumulate beneficial soil microbes that benefit pioneer native plants and coffee, respectively. Thus, compared to AMF, soil filtrates exerted stronger habitat and host-specific effects on plants, being more important mediators of plant-soil feedbacks across contrasting habitats.
Data from: Mycorrhizae alter constitutive and herbivore-induced volatile emissions by milkweeds
Plants use volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to cue natural enemies to their herbivore prey on plants. Simultaneously, herbivores utilize volatile cues to identify appropriate hosts. Despite extensive efforts to understand sources of variation in plant communication by VOCs, we lack an understanding of how ubiquitous belowground mutualists, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), influence plant VOC emissions. In a full factorial experiment, we subjected plants of two milkweed (Asclepias) species under three levels of AMF availability to damage by aphids (Aphis nerii). We then measured plant headspace volatiles and chemical defenses (cardenolides) and compared these to VOCs emitted and cardenolides produced by plants without herbivores. We found that AMF have plant species-specific effects on constitutive and aphid-induced VOC emissions. High AMF availability increased emissions of total VOCs, two green leaf volatiles (3-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate), and methyl salicylate in A. curassavica, but did not affect emissions in A. incarnata. In contrast, aphids consistently increased emissions of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and benzeneacetaldehyde in both species, independent of AMF availability. Both high AMF availability and aphids alone suppressed emissions of individual terpenes. However, aphid damage on plants under high AMF availability increased, or did not affect, emissions of those terpenes. Lastly, aphid feeding suppressed cardenolide concentrations only in A. curassavica, and AMF did not affect cardenolides in either plant species. Our findings suggest that by altering milkweed VOC profiles, AMF may affect both herbivore performance and natural enemy attraction.
Manipulating plant microbiomes in the field: native mycorrhizae advance plant succession and improve native plant restoration
<p>The plant microbiome is critical to plant health and is degraded with anthropogenic disturbance. However, the value of re-establishing the native microbiome is rarely considered in ecological restoration. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are particularly important microbiome components, as they associate with most plants, and later successional grassland plants are strongly responsive to native AM fungi. With five separate sites across the United States, we inoculated mid- and late successional plant seedlings with one of three types of native microbiome amendments: 1) whole rhizosphere soil collected from local old-growth, undisturbed grassland communities in Illinois, Kansas, or Oklahoma, 2) laboratory cultured AM fungi from these same old-growth grassland sites or 3) no microbiome amendment. We also seeded each restoration with a diverse native seed mixture. Plant establishment and growth was followed for three growing seasons. The reintroduction of soil microbiome from native ecosystems improved restoration establishment. • Including only native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities produced similar improvements in plant establishment as what was found with whole soil microbiome amendment. These findings were robust across plant functional groups. Inoculated plants (amended with either AM fungi or whole soil) also grew more leaves and were generally taller during the three growing seasons. Our research shows that mycorrhizal fungi can accelerate plant succession and that the reintroduction of both whole soil and laboratory cultivated native mycorrhizal fungi can be used as tools to improve native plant restoration following anthropogenic disturbance.</p>
Effects of drought and mycorrhiza on wheat and aphid infestation
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Data from: Host-specific effects of soil microbial filtrates prevail over those of arbuscular mycorrhizae in a fragmented landscape
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Data from: Exploiting mycorrhizas in broad daylight: partial mycoheterotrophy is a common nutritional strategy in meadow orchids.
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