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140 results for “mycorrhizal fungi”
Data from: Measuring leaf and root functional traits uncovers multidimensionality of plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
<p>Premise of the study While many studies have measured the aboveground responses of plants to mycorrhizal fungi at a single time point, little is known about how plants respond belowground or across time to mycorrhizal symbiosis. By measuring belowground responses as well as growth over time in many plant species, we create a more complete picture of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit their hosts. Methods We grew 26 prairie plant species with and without mycorrhizal fungi and measured fourteen functional traits measuring above and belowground tissue quality and quantity responses and changes in resource allocation. We used function-value trait (FVT) modeling to characterize changes in species growth rate when colonized. Key results While aboveground biomass responses were positive, the response of traits belowground were much more variable. Changes in aboveground biomass accounted for 60.8% of the variation in mycorrhizal responses, supporting the use of aboveground biomass response as the primary response trait. Responses belowground were not associated with aboveground responses and accounted for 18.3% of the variation. Growth responses over time were highly variable across species. Interestingly, none of the measured responses were phylogenetically conserved. Conclusions Mycorrhizal fungi increase plant growth in most scenarios, but the effects of these fungi belowground and across time are more complicated. This study highlights how differences in plant allocation priorities might affect how they utilize the benefits from mycorrhizal fungi. Identifying and characterizing these differences is a key step to understanding the effects of mycorrhizal mutualisms on whole plant physiology. </p>
Data for Publication - Impact of agricultural systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community composition in Robusta coffee roots in the Democratic Republic of Congo
<p>Data used for the publication:</p> <p>"Impact of agricultural systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community composition in Robusta coffee roots in the Democratic Republic of Congo" - Ieben Broeckhoven, Arne Devriese, Olivier Honnay, Roel Merckx, and Bruno Verbist</p>
Data from: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant invasion success driven by nitrogen fluctuations
<p>Both enemies and mutualists play crucial roles in shaping plant invasion processes. Recent studies have suggested that resource fluctuations could indirectly promote plant invasion through higher trophic levels, such as enemies. However, the influence of mutualists like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant invasion under nitrogen fluctuations remains untested.</p> <p>We conducted a pot-mesocosm experiment using a three-factorial experimental design to assess the individual and interactive effects of nitrogen availability, nitrogen fluctuation and AMF on invasive success of alien plants. We grew nine invasive alien species alongside five different native communities in pot-mesocosms. These were then subjected to varied nitrogen availabilities (low vs high), nitrogen fluctuations (constant vs pulsed), and AMF presence or absence within a sterile substrate.</p> <p>We found that pulsed nitrogen supply increased the dominance of invasive alien species in low-nitrogen availability, regardless of the presence or absence of AMF inoculation. However, in high-nitrogen availability, pulsed nitrogen supply only enhanced this dominance in pots without AMF-inoculation. This was tentatively evidenced by the three-way interaction among nitrogen-availability, nitrogen-fluctuation and AMF-inoculation treatments. Furthermore, the dominance promotion by nitrogen addition was greater than that by AMF inoculation.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: Our findings present, for the first time, evidence that AMF may play a crucial role in mediating the promotion effects of nitrogen fluctuations on alien plant invasion. To better understand the invasion process of alien plants and evaluate their impact on native communities, future research should integrate abiotic and biotic drivers into a single framework. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of prioritizing habitats with higher nutrient availability and variability for protection against alien plant invasions.</p>
Echium vulgare inoculated with fungal endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: HPLC data
<p>Raw HPLC data acquired on samples of <em>Echium vulgare</em> inoculated with fungal endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Data were acquired on an ECOM HPLC system and are readable through the Clarity software (DataApex, Czech Republic). An .xlsx file is included which contains the descriptions of different treatments, i.e. the names of fungal species used for inoculation of various sample groups. Root and leachate samples were run separately, leachate samples are marked with "L" at the end of the sample name; the samples not containing this label are root samples.</p>
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots and soil respond differently to biotic and abiotic factors in the Serengeti
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Data from: Measuring leaf and root functional traits uncovers multidimensionality of plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Data from: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant invasion success driven by nitrogen fluctuations
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Data from: The mechanism of promoting rhizosphere nutrient turnover for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi attribute to recruited functional bacterial assembly
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The impact of anthropogenic disturbance on mycorrhizal fungi and their associations with rodents: insights from a temperate forest in Mexico
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Ice Storm Mycorrhizal Fungi data for Yancey et al. in press
Extreme weather events, such as ice storms, are increasing and have potentially large impacts on forests, including belowground structures such as fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi. Many forest trees rely on the mutualistic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants; a relationship that when disrupted can negatively impact tree net primary productivity. We took advantage of a large-scale ice storm manipulation in the northeastern United States (US) to test the hypothesis that increasing ice storm intensity and frequency would reduce ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips per unit root length and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal structures per unit root length, hereafter colonization. We found that ice storm intensity reduced spring ectomycorrhizal fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. However, these patterns changed in the fall where ice storm intensity still reduced ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips, but arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was higher in ice storm treatments than controls. The amount of ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization differed seasonally: ectomycorrhizal fungal root tips were 1.7× higher in the spring than in the fall, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was 3× higher in the fall than in the spring. Our results indicate that mycorrhizal fungal colonization responses to ice storm severity vary temporally and by mycorrhizal fungal type. Further, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may recover from ice storms relatively quickly, potentially aiding forests in their recovery, whereas ice storms may have a longer lasting impact on ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Soil extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA.
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of soil extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). In addition, we measured microbial allocation to complex C degrading oxidative enzymes phenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils during the growing season in 2016.
Fine root morphology in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA during the final year of N fertilization (2016) and during the year after N fertilization ceased (2017).
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of fine root morphology in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we sampled fine roots in a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA during final year of N fertilization at Bear Brook in 2016 and during the year after N fertilization ceased in 2017.
Mycorrhizal belowground fungi species list of the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1992 to 1994
A study of fungal diversity in the H.J. Experimental Forest. Hypogeous fungi depend on particular plant species and habitat conditions for survival. Data on species diversity and sporocarp production were collected for 4 years and compared among young, rotation-age, and old Douglas-fir stands. The species list presented here provides some insight into the hypogeous fungal diversity present in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest. Data from this study will provide knowledge about species richness, production, and community structure based on the fruiting of hypogeous sporocarps. Such data are essential to predict impacts of disturbance and management on forest health. It is hoped that these data will stimulate collaboration and facilitate the design of future fungal research.
Data for: Foraging speed and precision of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions: An experimental approach
<p>To better understand the ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, we need to measure functional traits of individual fungal virtual taxa under field conditions. The efficiency of AM fungi in locating nutrient-rich patches in soil space is one of their central traits in this symbiotic relationship. We used plots of a long-term field experiment in grassland with manipulated functional group composition of host plant community to establish ingrowth patches with substrate free of roots and fungi and with varying nutrient availability. Comparison of the original AM fungal community before patch creation with that present 9 weeks after patch establishment enabled us to estimate relative hyphal foraging speed for 41 fungal taxa, and a comparison of the fungal community in neighbouring patches differing in nutrient availability provided estimates of hyphal foraging precision for 22 taxa. Members of two dominant fungal families, Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae, differed in their foraging speed and precision. Glomeraceae taxa responded more slowly, but with a higher focus on enriched patches. We further demonstrated the usefulness of obtained fungal functional traits by testing the differences between grass and dicotyledonous plant hosts using a dataset obtained in another experiment at the same plots. Grass species hosted AM fungal communities with higher foraging speed, but lower foraging precision than the dicotyledonous species. Our study results support the use of field experiments for measuring comparative characteristics of AM fungi, which are highly elusive (or mis-represented) under controlled conditions.</p>
Data from: Tropical forest type influences community assembly processes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Aim: Plant community assembly in tropical rainforest has been shown to be largely governed by stochastic processes, but as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi display limited host preference, they may not follow the same stochastic assembly pattern. Here, we determined the relative importance of environmental and spatial drivers responsible for the community assembly process of AM fungi in two types of tropical rainforest (semideciduous rainforest and dense ombrophilous forests). Location: Atlantic rainforest in northeastern Brazil, South America. Taxon: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). Methods: We collected root samples from eight protected areas of Atlantic forest along a 700 km transect in northeastern Brazil. We measured the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes by redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning in comparison with null expectations using ad hoc generated neutral communities. Furthermore, we accessed species associations from co-occurrence data, at different scales using a Bayesian approach of Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities (HMSC). Results: Overall, the extent to which stochastic and deterministic processes affected community assembly depended on the forest type and the spatial scale. Specifically, we found that abiotic and biotic predictors of AM fungal community assemblages are related to environmental homogeneity in tropical rainforests. Main conclusions: The results of the study show that dynamics in community assembly was clearly different between the two forest types, and that the difference most likely is due to differences in responses to environmental variables.
Contrasting effects of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nitrogen absorption of C3 and C4 grasses: Evidence from microcosm and 15N labeling experiments
<p><strong><em>Background and aims</em></strong></p> <p>Nitrogen (N) captured by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a major pathway in the N uptake of host plants. However, the relative contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to N uptake in different plant functional types has not been well assessed.</p> <p><strong><em>Methods</em></strong></p> <p>Two dominant plant species in semiarid steppe ecosystems on the Mongolian plateau, i.e. <em>Leymus chinensis </em>(C<sub>3</sub> grass) and <em>Cleistogenes squarrosa</em> (C<sub>4</sub> grass), were selected in this study. We conducted a greenhouse manipulation experiment using novel microcosms combined with <sup>15</sup>N labeling techniques and investigated the effect of indigenous AMF on plant growth and quantified their relative contribution to N uptake under high and low levels of available soil N. </p> <p><strong><em>Results</em></strong></p> <p>Indigenous AMF contribute more to N uptake in C<sub>3</sub> grass than that in C<sub>4</sub> grass, and mycorrhizal partners act as parasites for C<sub>4</sub> plant growth. For <em>L. chinensis</em>, indigenous AM symbiosis suppressed plant growth under low soil N but improved plant growth under high soil N conditions. AMF contributed to <em>c.</em> 23% and 20% of the total plant N uptake under low and high soil N conditions, respectively. For <em>C. squarrosa</em>, indigenous AM symbiosis consistently inhibited plant growth under both low and high soil N conditions, and the percent contributions of AMF to N uptake were only <em>c.</em> 9% and 7%, respectively.</p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong></p> <p>Our results demonstrate that indigenous AM symbiosis plays a vital role in N uptake by host plants, even in the absence of a positive growth response. AMF can modify the fitness of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> grasses and thereby alter plant community composition and ecosystem N cycling, particularly under high N conditions. Our study has important implications for improving global N cycling models in the face of increasing global N deposition.</p>
Data for: Assessing above and belowground recovery from ammonium sulphate addition and wildfire in a lowland heath: mycorrhizal fungi as potential indicators.
<p>Atmospheric pollution containing soil-nitrifying ammonium sulphate ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) affects semi-natural ecosystems worldwide. Long-term additions of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> to nitrogen(N)-limited habitats, including heathlands, increase climate stress affecting recovery from wildfires. Although heathland vegetation largely depends on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErM) to access soil N, we lack a detailed understanding of how prolonged exposure to (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> may alter ErM community composition and host plants' reliance on fungal partners following wildfire and affect recovery. Simulation of atmospheric pollution ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) occurred bi-weekly for 5 years after a 2006 wildfire in a UK heathland. Ten years after treatments ceased, we measured vegetation structure, lichen and lichen photobiont composition, soil characteristics, ErM colonisation, ErM diversity in roots and soil, and assessed ErM potential as novel recovery indicators. Heather height and density, and <a>moss </a>groundcover, were greater in N-enriched plots. Lichen community indices showed significant treatment effects but without differences in photobionts. Soil pH and Mg were significantly lower in treated plots while soil cation exchange capacity was significantly higher. There were no detectable differences in ErM composition and keystone ErM taxa between control and treated plots. Soil carbon stock measures were variable. Our results indicate atmospheric pollution following fire can have significant lingering effects above- and belowground. ErM diversity and root colonization were not assessed in the original N-addition experiment; we advocate for their inclusion in future studies as an integral part of the recovery assessment toolkit. We show that mycorrhizal fungi diversity is a viable ecological tool and summarise key steps for ErM identification.</p>
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
<p>Most plants form root hyphal relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These associations are known to positively impact plant biomass and competitive ability. However, less is known about how mycorrhizae may impact other ecological interactions, such as those mediated by pollinators.</p> <p>We performed a meta-regression of studies that manipulated AMF and measured traits related to pollination, including floral display, rewards, visitation, and reproduction, extracting 63 studies with 423 effects.</p> <p>On average, the presence of mycorrhizae was associated with positive effects on floral traits. Specifically, we found impacts of AMF on floral display, pollinator visitation and reproduction, and a positive but non-significant impact on rewards. Studies manipulating mycorrhizae with fungicide tended to report contrasting results, possibly because fungicide destroys both beneficial and pathogenic microbes.</p> <p>Our study highlights the potential for relationships with mycorrhizal fungi to play an important, yet underrecognized role in plant-pollinator interactions. With heightened awareness of the need for a more sustainable agricultural industry, mycorrhizal fungi may offer the opportunity to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. At the same time, fungicides are now ubiquitous in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates indirect ways in which plant-belowground fungal partnerships could manifest in plant-pollinator interactions.</p>
Data belonging to: Decreasing relatedness among mycorrhizal fungi in a shared plant network increases fungal network size but not plant benefit
<p>Dataset beloning to the publication: "Decreasing relatedness among mycorrhizal fungi in a shared plant network increases fungal network size but not plant benefit" in Ecology letters (2021). R script used to analyse the data in the .csv files</p>
Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community phylogenetic structure in plant roots across fine spatial scales
<p><span>Purpose:</span><span> Nitrogen deposition due to human activities is known to have a substantial impact on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community in plant roots. However, the influence of elevated nitrogen on the phylogenetic structure of AMF across fine spatial scales, as well as the mechanisms behind such alterations, are remained poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Nitrogen addition significantly increased the phylogenetic alpha diversity (diversity within a plot) and the 'within-treatment' phylogenetic beta diversity (dissimilarity among replicate plots) of AMF communities, which resulted in an increased 'within-treatment' phylogenetic gamma diversity (overall diversity among all the replicate plots within a treatment). These changes were caused by the relative abundance decline of a dominant genus (</span><span>Glomus</span><span>) and an increase in non-dominant genera. Mechanically, nitrogen addition affected phylogenetic alpha diversity mainly by influencing soil properties. Likewise, the increased 'within-treatment' dissimilarity of plant community composition and changes in soil properties caused by nitrogen addition and plot distance contributed to an increase in within-treatment phylogenetic beta diversity. </span></p> <p><span>Conclusions:</span><span> We conclude that deterministic environmental filtering (both abiotic and biotic) and dispersal limitation effect played critical roles in AMF community assembly under global change scenarios. Insightfully, this study provides a mechanistic understanding of the response of AMF to nitrogen addition across fine scales.</span></p>
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