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Figure 12 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 12. Vailimia sp. indet. resting on its vertical platform between dry grass stems (straw) at Putturu, Dakshina-kannada District, Karnataka. 2-3, Detailed views of this spider resting at the hub. Initially this spider was facing down, but after it was disturbed it jumped away, still connected to the hub by its dragline. Photographed by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 10 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 10 (continued from previous page). Selected sequential frames from a 30fps video of Vailimia sp. resting on a stem near its web in the evening. 1-11, The Vailimia turned to follow the movements the scarab beetle as it moved on the stem behind its position. 12-25, As the scarab moved back down the stem, the Vailimia pushed it away several times with legs I (15, 17, arrows), they stayed away from it by moving down the stem.

Figure 10 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 10 (continued on next page). Selected sequential frames from a 30fps video of Vailimia sp. resting on a stem near its web in the evening. 1-3, The Vailimia turned to follow the movements of a black scarab beetle below its position. Photographed at Manimoole farm, Vittal, Dakshinakannada, Karnataka by Sanath Ramesh 5, JUN 2020.

Figure 9. Selected sequential frames from a 30 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 9. Selected sequential frames from a 30fps video of Vailimia sp. resting on a stem near its web at night. This spider jumped at an alate ant that became partly entangled in its web, then briefly bit it (3, arrow) before rejecting it and pushing it away. Photographed at Manimoole farm, Vittal, Dakshinakannada, Karnataka by Sanath Ramesh, 5 JUN 2020.

Figure 8 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 8. Vailimia sp. indet. feeding on a captured brachyceran fly, on or near its web at Manimoole farm, Vittal, Dakshinakannada, Karnataka. 1-3, Three views of feeding spider. After heavy rains this web was damaged and this spider moved on. 4, Same spider in a different web, feeding on a different brachyceran fly. This spider occupied three different webs in succession, from 29 MAY to 7 JUN 2020. Photographs by Sanath Ramesh.

Figure 7 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 7. Vailimia sp. indet. on stem near its web at Manimoole farm, Vittal, Dakshinakannada, Karnataka. 1, Note the row of vertical setae across the top of the carapace. 5, Detail of (4). This may be a penultimate female of the species shown in Figures 4-5. This spider, observed from 29 MAY to 7 JUN 2020, is also shown in Figures 8-11. Photographs by Sanath Ramesh.

Figure 6 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 6. Adult female plexippine Telamonia dimidiata (Simon 1899) feeding on an immature Vailimia sp. indet. Photographed at the Kaje vrukshalaya farm in Mangaluru, Karnataka by Aniruddha Sharma S., used with permission.

Figure 16 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 16. Vailimia sp. indet. resting at the hub of its nocturnal retreat in Sirsi, Uttarakannada District, Karanataka. Radii constructed on a plant of about 1.3 m in height spanned about 10 cm. Silk comprising this retreat was not sticky. When disturbed the spider took a long jump to a nearby branch, but returned to the hub in about an hour. On the next morning this spider left the retreat, apparently to search for prey on the same plant (Figure 17:1-4), but as confirmed by a local boy it returned to the same retreat that night. 2, 8, Enhanced contrast views of (1) and (7). Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 5 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 5. Adult female Vailimia sp. indet. at Sanoor, Dakshinakannada, Karnataka. Note the presence of four setae acroos the rear of the eye region, as seen in the adult male (Figure 3). Photographs by Mr. Jithesh Pai, used with permission.

Figure 17 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 17. Empty retreat (1-2) and close-up views of the salticids (Vailimia sp. indet.) that occupied these retreats. 1-2, Empty retreat on the morning after it was occupied by one of these spiders (Figure 13). 3-4, Detail of the spider shown in Figure 13 at night after it was disturbed and jumped away from its retreat. Photographs (1-4) by Abhijith A. P. C. in Sirsi, Uttarakannada District, Karnataka. 5, Detailed view of spider that appeared to be hunting away from its web during the daytime. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.

Figure 14 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 14 (continued from previous page). Vailimia sp. indet. resting on its vertical platform at night (1), and views

Figure 3 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 3. Adult male Vailimia sp. indet. Photographed at the Kaje vrukshalaya farm in Mangaluru, Karnataka by Abhijith A. P. C. Note the four long, erect setae across the top of the eye region.

Figure 2 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 2. Localities where salticids (Vailimia sp. indet.) have been observed in their orb webs. These sites (1-7) span a distance of about 900 km along the southwestern coast of India, in Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.

Figure 1 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 1. Known distribution of Vailimia species in south and southeast Asia. Populations observed in the present study are identified here as Vailimia sp. (7; see Figure 2 for detail).

Figure 12 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India

Figure 12. Moulting by orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae). 1, Female Nephila Leach 1815 moulting from dragline. 2, Detail of (1) showing smaller male in mating position. The genus Nephila is sometimes placed in the Nephilidae. 3-4, Neoscona Simon 1864 moulting from dragline. 5-6, Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1904 moulting from dragline. 7-8, Male Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli 1772) waiting for a moulting female (7) and then mating with that female (8) as she was hanging beneath her exuvium before her cuticle darkened or hardened. The condition of a newly-moulted female may reduce the vulnerability of the male to her attack (Uhl et al. 2015). Photos 1-2 by Vipin Baliga (Karnataka). Photos 3-6 by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka). Photos 7-8 by Uhl et al. (2015), adapted and used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 11 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India

Figure 11. Moulting by wandering spiders. 1, Female Phidippus putnami (Peckham & Peckham 1883) (Salticidae). The thick moulting sac was opened to observe this spider. 2, cf. Carrhotus Thorell 1891 (Salticidae) with exuvium in thin moulting sac. 3-4, Two different Epeus Peckham & Peckham 1886 (Salticidae) with exuviae, in thin moulting sacs under leaves. 5, Heteropoda Latreille 1804 (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 6, Olios milleti (Pocock 1901) (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 7, Hamadruas Deeleman-Reinhold 2009 (Oxyopidae) with exuvium beneath leaf. 8-11, Sequence showing Oxyopes shweta Tikader 1970 (Oxyopidae) molting from dragline. Photo (1) by David E. Hill (South Carolina). Photos (2-11) by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka).

Figure 9 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India

Figure 9 (continued on next page). Sequential positions (1-34) occupied by a salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) as it constructed its retreat in Kasaragod, Kerala, taken from a 59.94 fps video record produced by Prasantha Krishna. At top selected frames from this sequence are composited to show movement from the end of one radius down to the hub (1-15), then movement down and to the stem from the hub with a trailing dragline (15-19), attachment of the dragline to anchor a new radius (22, arrow), followed by return to the hub while climbing beneath the new radius (25-28). 20-24, Individual frames showing trailing dragline as it was extended from the hub (20), hold on that dragline with the claws of leg RIV (21), first movement onto the attached (arrow) dragline (23), and the beginning of a rapid climb back to the hub (24).

Figure 10 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India

Figure 10. Observations of cf. Anarrhotus in Goa. 1-2, Two views of spider resting on its silk platform. 3, cf. Anarrhotus after it has separated itself from the exuvium by descending on its dragline. The exuvium maintained its hold on the dragline with legs IV. 4-5, Closer views from (3). 6, Detail showing this spider extending and inflating its legs while suspended. All observations and photographs by Aditya Naik, used with permission.

Figure 8 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India

Figure 8. Salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) with retreat. 1-2, Spider resting on its hub platform at night. 3, Detail of (1). 4, Empty hub on the next day. This retreat was constructed on a tree at a height of ~1.6-2 m above the ground and was only occupied at night. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.

Figure 4 in Construction of orb webs as nocturnal retreats by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: cf. Anarrhotus) in southwestern India

Figure 4. Salticid (cf. Anarrhotus) resting on its vertical platform at night (1), and views of the empty platform on the next day (2-4), when the spider could not be found in the vicinity. 3-4, Enhanced contrast images based on (2), showing details of the densely woven platform at the hub and associated radii. A small packet that might represent the remains of insect can be seen near the spider, attached to the hub, but there was no sign that the web, not sticky or adhesive, played a role in prey capture. This spider jumped and moved to nearby branches when the web was disturbed. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.