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Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view.

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs.

Text-fig. 4. Palynological diagrams of Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 4. Palynological diagrams of Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka.

Text-fig. 3. Correlation model of the studied sections of Late Miocene deposits. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. 1. reversed polarity; 2. normal polarity; 3. unstudied interval. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 3. Correlation model of the studied sections of Late Miocene deposits. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. 1. reversed polarity; 2. normal polarity; 3. unstudied interval.

Text-fig. 1. Geographic location of the studied sections. 1. Gaverdovsky, 2. Volchaya Balka, 3. Tuapse highway bridge, 4. Maikop city park. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 1. Geographic location of the studied sections. 1. Gaverdovsky, 2. Volchaya Balka, 3. Tuapse highway bridge, 4. Maikop city park.

FIG. 5 in Non-pollen palynomorph and palynofacies assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous of Iraq: A glimpse into palaeobiology and palaeoenvironment

FIG. 5. — Arthropod cuticles: A, an overview of a large fragment of arthropod cuticle, 09-262-1_R29; B, detail of A showing a serrate seta, 09-262-1_R29; C, isolated seta (?), 09-262-1_R29; D, detail of A showing empty sockets in which setae and maybe other cuticular appendages were articulated, 09-262-1_R29; E, detail of A showing empty socket and fragmentary cuticular appendage in situ, 09-262-1_R29; F, isolated serrate seta, 09-262-3_L52; G, unidentifiable fragment of an isolated arthropod appendage (?), 09-255-2_H52; H, unidentifiable fragment of an isolated arthropod appendage (?), 09-255-2_L50; I, unidentifiable fragment of an isolated arthropod appendage (?), 09-234-3_L45; J, unidentifiable fragment of an isolated arthropod or insect appendage (?), 09-262-3_R47; K, scolecodont or insect mouthpart, 09-262-1_S53. Scale bars: 20 μm.

FIG. 4 in Non-pollen palynomorph and palynofacies assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous of Iraq: A glimpse into palaeobiology and palaeoenvironment

FIG. 4. — Photomicrographs of microforaminiferal linings illustrating variable differences in the degree of pigmentation and preservation:A, coiled form, P points to proloculus and T refers to terminal last chamber, 09-234-2_K52; B, coiled form, arrows point to pyrites infills and pseudomorphs in the chambers of a foraminiferal test, 09-234-2_H45; C, coiled form, arrows point to Pyritospheres (Love, 1957) infills and pseudomorphs in the chambers of a foraminiferal test, 09-234-2_D49; D, coiled form, arrows point to pyrites infills and pseudomorphs in the chambers of a foraminiferal test, taken with SEM, 09-262-2; E, coiled form, 09-262-3_K45; F, coiled form, 09-262-3_Q49; G, coiled form, 09-262-3_R47; H, coiled form, 09-262-2_S43;I, coiled form, 09-234-2_L47; J, coiled form, 09-262-03_K41; K, coiled form, 09-262-3_M44; L, coiled form, 09-242-3_F36; M, coiled form, 09-242-3_L42; N, coiled form, 09-262-1_N41; O, coiled form, 09-242-3_Q50; P, coiled form strongly invaded with pyrite, 09-262-1_B44. Scale bars: 20 μm.

FIG. 1 in Non-pollen palynomorph and palynofacies assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous of Iraq: A glimpse into palaeobiology and palaeoenvironment

FIG. 1. — Tectonic map of Iraq showing hydrocarbon accumulations in Mesopotamian Basin and Zagros fold belt, and the approximate locations of the studied wells in southern Iraq. Abbreviations: R, Rumaila North; Ru, Rumaila South; Zb, Zuabir; Su, Subba. Modified after Pitman et al. (2004) and Abeed et al. 2013).

FIG. 6 in Non-pollen palynomorph and palynofacies assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous of Iraq: A glimpse into palaeobiology and palaeoenvironment

FIG. 6. — Palynofacies assemblages retrieved from the Yamama Formation: A, palynofacies dominated by AOM seen under transmitted light, 09-242-1_E43 (reillustrated from El Atfy et al. 2016); B, non-fluorescent AOM; 09-242-1_E43 (re-illustrated from El Atfy et al. 2016); C, palynofacies assemblage composed mainly of fine granular, yellow to grey marine AOM, presumably of algal origin that contains pyrite crystals, dinocysts and microforaminiferal linings, 09-234-3_X42; D, transmitted light shows brown particles,membranes, thin films and amorphous substances, presumed to represent biodegraded terrestrial AOM, 09-243-1_E43 (re-illustrated from El Atfy et al. 2016); E, non-fluorescent AOM, 09-243-1_E43 (re-illustrated from El Atfy et al. 2016); F, gelified AOM, presumably of terrestrial origin palynofacies assemblages, 09-243-2_V33; G, Leiosphaeridia Eisenack, 1958 cluster, 09-234-3_Q49; H, resin particles seen in transmitted light showing different degrees of angularity and also cracking on the surface, 09-242-3_Q35; I, equidimensional opaque/microcharcoal particle, 09-262; J, Palambages relic structures in AOM matrix and opaque organic matter, 09-234-3_O48; K, framboidal pyrite, 09-234; L, partially oxidized pyrite aggregates, 09-255. Scale bars: 20 μm.

FIG. 2 in Non-pollen palynomorph and palynofacies assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous of Iraq: A glimpse into palaeobiology and palaeoenvironment

FIG. 2. — Quantitative representation of the percentages for the recorded NPPs in the studied samples: A, 09-234; B, 09-242; C, 09-243; D, 09-255; E, 09-262.

FIG. 3 in Non-pollen palynomorph and palynofacies assemblages from the Lower Cretaceous of Iraq: A glimpse into palaeobiology and palaeoenvironment

FIG. 3. — The palynological assemblage of the Yamama Formation: A, colony of degraded Botryococcus Kützing, 1849 seen in transmitted white light. Note characteristic globular outline and lustrous yellow colour; 09-262-2_P47; B, isolated coenobium of degraded Botryococcus colony seen in transmitted white light; 09-234-1_P35; C, colony of Botryococcus fluorescing under incident blue light illumination, the globular outline of the cells is very clear however, the cell cups are not clearly visible; 09-234_P35; D, Palambages sp., 09-242-3_P36; E, Palambages sp., 09-262-2_W40, arrow refers to loophole (= Schlüpfloch of Gocht & Wille 1972); F, Palambages sp., 09-262-3_G36, arrow refers to loophole (= Schlüpfloch of Gocht & Wille 1972); G, Palambages sp., 09-262-3_G40, arrows refer to loophole (= Schlüpfloch of Gocht & Wille 1972); H, marine prasinophyte phycoma of the genus Pterospermella Eisenack, 1972, 09-262-1_H53; I, dinocyst Batioladinium micropodum (Eisenack & Cookson, 1960) Brideaux, 1975, 09-234-1_R56; J, dinocyst, 09-234-1_M50; K, dinocyst, Cribroperidinium sp., 09-234- 1_N53; L, Leiosphaeridia sp., 09-255-3_G53; M, Leiosphaeridia sp., 09-262-3_T37; N, Leiosphaeridia sp., 09-234-3_S51; O, Leiosphaeridia sp., 09-255, arrow points to a possible encystment opening. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 10 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 10. Log of Zavjetnoje, Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine (Indol−Kuban Basin).

Fig. 7 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 7. Log of Soceni−Politioană, Romania (Pannonian Basin).

Fig. 8 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 8. Log of Zhabiak, western Ukraine (Volhyno−Podolian Plate).

Fig. 9 in Spatiotemporal signals and palaeoenvironments of endemic molluscan assemblages in the marine system of the Sarmatian Paratethys

Fig. 9. Log of Jurkino, Peninsula Crimea, Ukraine (Indol−Kuban Basin).

Text-fig. 4. continued. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 4. continued.

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Data from: Lycopsid megaspores from the Upper Triassic of Svalbard and their relationship to the floras and palaeoenvironments of northern Pangaea

Triassic megaspore assemblages from Svalbard, Arctic Norway, are described for the first time based on the analysis of the Upper Triassic (Carnian–Norian/Rhaetian) Kapp Toscana Group on the island of Hopen. Two megaspore zones are described: the late Carnian 'Dijkstraisporites beutleri Zone' (undifferentiated De Geerdalen Formation), and the Norian/Rhaetian 'D. beutleri – Verrutriletes preutilis Zone' (Svenskøya Formation). Megaspores are attributed to heterosporous lycopsids, and likely correspond to the microspore Aratrisporites, which was observed in palynological preparations. Megaspore occurrence was highest in delta-plain and associated with lake-mire deposits. However, their close association with marine microfossils suggests episodic marine influence, and is consistent with previous interpretations that some Triassic lycopsids occupied marginal marine habitats. The absence of megaspores in the overlying Hopen Member and Flatsalen Formation is likely related to a marine transgression during the early Norian, as indicated by the recovery of low diversity assemblages of agglutinated foraminifera. The transition to ostracod-dominated microfaunas in the middle part of the formation is consistent with a regionally extensive maximum flooding surface, prior to a return to megaspore-dominated assemblages in the fluvio-deltaic deposits of the Svenskøya Formation. Despite the abundance of their mega- and microspores, lycopsid fossils are almost entirely absent within palaeobotanical collections from the island, which we ascribe to their herbaceous habit and consequent low preservation potential. The results of this study show lycopsids to be an important component of the local ecosystem and thus contribute to a more complete understanding of the Late Triassic floras of northern-most Pangaea.

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Data from: Lycopsid megaspores from the Upper Triassic of Svalbard and their relationship to the floras and palaeoenvironments of northern Pangaea

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Text-fig. 16. Carnivorans from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a–c – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, GIN-1144-302, a – labial, b – lingual, c – occlusal view; d–e –?Procyonidae gen., occlusal view; d – dP3, sin, GIN-1143-401, e – dP4, sin, GIN-1144-301. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 16. Carnivorans from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a–c – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, GIN-1144-302, a – labial, b – lingual, c – occlusal view; d–e –?Procyonidae gen., occlusal view; d – dP3, sin, GIN-1143-401, e – dP4, sin, GIN-1144-301.