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opennotspecifiedApr 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Phenolic compounds from the flowers of Rosa hugonis Hemsl. and their neuroprotective effects

Fig. 3. Effects of compound 5 on 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cell injury. (A) PC12 cells were preincubated with different concentration of compound 5 for 30 min and then exposed to 6-OHDA for 24 h. The values are presented as the mean ±SD (n =3). *p <0.05 versus 6-OHDA group; #p <0.05 versus control group. (B) PC12 cells were treated with different concentration of compound 5 for 24 h. The values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p <0.05 versus control group. (C) The changes of morphology of PC12 cells in present of compound 5. (a) Control; (b) 6-OHDA group; (c) 6-OHDA and 5 μM compound 5 treatment; (d) 6-OHDA and 10 μM compound 5 treatment.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A. Chemical structure of major chalcones and acylphloroglucinols produced by hops and their molecular weight. B. Chromatogram of a crude hydro-ethanolic extract of hops (cultivar Nugget) at 330 nm. XN: xanthohumol, α1: co-humulone; α2: humulone; α3: ad-humulone; β1: colupulone; β2: lupulone; β3: ad-lupulone.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

Fig. 4 in Bioactive prenylated phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Fig. 4. The docking model and IC50 values of (1''R, 2''S)-1 and (1''S, 2''R)-1 against 3CLpro and PLpro. Each data point is displayed as the mean SD of three ± independent tests.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in Bioactive prenylated phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Fig. 3. The comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra of (1′′R, 2′′S)-1, (1′′S, 2′′R)-1, and 6.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

Fig. 5 in Bioactive prenylated phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Fig. 5. Bioactivity screening of compounds 1-26 [1a, (1''R, 2''S)-1; 1b, (1''S, 2''R)-1]. Each data point is displayed as the mean ± SD of three independent tests. ×: not tested.

Fig. 5 in Seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in Zostera marina (Zosteraceae) from the Baltic Sea

Fig. 5. Amounts of individual flavonoids A), total flavonoids B), total phenolic acids C) and total phenolics D) in leaves of Zostera. Marina.

Fig. 4 in Seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in Zostera marina (Zosteraceae) from the Baltic Sea

Fig. 4. Chemical structure and HMBC key correlations of the methanolysis derivative 22 of 7′′,8′′ -didehydrosalvianolic acid B.

Fig. 1 in Seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in Zostera marina (Zosteraceae) from the Baltic Sea

Fig. 1. HPLC profile of crude water-methanol (1:1) leaf extracts of Zostera marina collected in Kiel coast. Compound numbers correspond to compounds in Fig. 2. Column: Phenomenex Luna Omega C18, 1.6 μm, 100 × 2.1 mm column; mobile phase A: 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid in water; mobile phase B: 100% acetonitrile; linear gradient: 0 min 10% B, 25 min 20% B, 40 min 50% B, 40.1 min 10% B, 55 min 10% B, stop; flow rate: 0.200 ml/min; injection volume: 5 μl; oven temperature: 30 ◦ C.

Fig. 6 in Seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in Zostera marina (Zosteraceae) from the Baltic Sea

Fig. 6. Relative content (%) of flavonoids A) and phenolic acids B) detected for each sampling period.

Fig. 2 in Seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in Zostera marina (Zosteraceae) from the Baltic Sea

Fig. 2. Structures of the flavonoids found in Zostera species. 1, apigenin; 2, apigenin 7-O-sulfate; 3, apigenin 7-O-glucoside; 4, apigenin 7-O-(6′′ -malonyl) glucoside; 5, luteolin; 6, luteolin 3′-O-sulfate; 7, luteolin 7-O-glucoside; 8, luteolin 7-O-(6′′ -malonyl) glucoside; 9, luteolin 7-O-sulfate; 10, luteolin 7,3′-O-disulfate; 11, diosmetin; 12, chrysoeriol; 13, diosmetin 3′-O-sulfate; 14, diosmetin 7-O-(6′′ -malonyl) glucoside; 15, diosmetin 7-O-sulfate; 16, chrysoeriol 7-O-sulfate; 17, diosmetin 7,3′-O-disulfate; 18, zosteric acid; 19, caffeic acid; 20, rosmarinic acid; 21, 7′′,8′′ -didehydrosalvianolic acid B.

Fig. 5 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 5. UV chromatograms (280 nm) of non-oxidized (grey) and oxidized (black) samples of selected species, illustrating enzymatic oxidative activities of various types of compounds. Dihydroxysubstituted compounds, such as quercetin glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives, are oxidized more efficiently than their monohydroxysubstituted counterparts, i.e. kaempferol glycosides and coumaric acid derivatives.

Fig. 2 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 2. Plant families arranged according to APG IV, and their phenolic compound classes and total phenolic levels. The dash () and one, two or three asterisks denote different average quantity levels depending on the compound class as follows: FC and ET: <1, 1–30, 31–60 and>60 mg/g; GA: <1, 1–10, 11–20 and>20 mg/ g; PC and PD: <1, 1–15, 16–30 and>30 mg/g; KA, QU and QA: <1, 1–5, 6–10 and>10 mg/g. For the oxidative activity column, dashes and asterisk represent the following: () No activity. The phenolic content of the samples is low overall (total phenolics concentration 10 mg/g or less) with no major peaks present, or the compounds are not affected by the oxidative conditions, the peak area variation remaining within ±10%. (*) Weak activity. The area of most major peaks have reduced by ca. 10–30%. (**) Moderate activity. The areas of most major peaks have reduced by ca. 30–60%. (***) High activity. The areas of most major peaks have reduced by>60%. Abbreviations: FC: Folin-Ciocalteu assay (i.e. total phenolics), HT: hydrolysable tannins, GA: gallic acid derivatives, ET: ellagitannins, PA: proanthocyanidins, PC: procyanidins, PD: prodelphinidins, FL: flavonols, KA: kaempferols, QU: quercetins, QA: quinic acid derivatives, Enz: enzymatic oxidative activity, pH10: alkaline oxidative activity at pH 10. a Myricetin has been left out because of its low quantity in the sample set. It was detected in 20 families, with a maximum concentration of 7 mg/g.

Fig. 4 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 4. UV chromatograms (280 nm) of non-oxidized (grey) and oxidized (black) samples of selected species, illustrating alkaline oxidative activities of various types of compounds. Monohydroxysubstituted compounds, such as kaempferol glycosides, are inactive. The same applies for compounds containing a catechol moiety, e.g. catechin, quercetin glycosides and procyanidins. However, if the catechol moiety is at the end of an alkane chain, as is the case with e.g. rosmarinic acid, rubranoside A, and oregonin, the alkaline oxidative activity is greatly increased. Myricetin glycosides, prodelphinidins, gallic acid derivatives and ellagitannins – all containing a pyrogallol moiety – are highly active and oxidize completely.

Fig. 3 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 3. Phenolic compound structures quantified using MRM methods of Engstr¨om et al. (2015, 2014), and how the measurements are related to each other.

Fig. 1 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 1. The content of phenolic compounds, recorded at 280 nm, in nonoxidized (grey) and enzymatically oxidized (black) Trifolium pratense flowers. The peak area of clovamide has decreased by 91%, likely due to oxidation, whereas flavonols only have lost ca. 11% of their peak areas. A moderate, 26% decrease in total phenolics suggests that the sample retains most of its phenolic compounds, supporting these observations.