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274 results for “phenotypic response”
Energy allocation explains how protozoan phenotypic traits change in response to temperature and resource supply
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Data from: Testing the evolutionary potential of an alpine plant: Phenotypic plasticity in response to growth temperature outweighs parental environmental effects and other genetic causes of variation
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Data and code from: Quantitative analyses of stochastic influences on the response to phenotypic selection in a small passerine, the collared flycatcher
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Data from: Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth
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The interplay between prior selection, mild intermittent exposure, and acute severe exposure in phenotypic and transcriptional response to hypoxia
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Data for Phenotypically plastic responses to freshwater salinization in larval amphibians: Induced tolerance and induced sensitivity
These data support a paper published by Relyea et al. in 2023 in the journal Environmental Pollution. In this manuscript titled 'Phenotypically plastic responses to freshwater salinization in larval amphibians: induced tolerance and induced sensitivity' the authors use a lab experiment to examine the effects of low levels of exposure to road salt pollution on amphibian responses to higher subsequent doses of the contaminant.
The phenotypic and fitness response to the combination of copper and thermal stressors strongly varies within the ciliate species, Tetrahymena thermophila
<p><span>Copper pollution can alter biological and trophic functions. Organisms can set up different tolerance strategies, including accumulation mechanisms (intracellular vacuoles, external chelation, etc.) to maintain themselves in copper-polluted environments. Accumulation mechanisms can influence the expression of other phenotypic traits, allowing organisms to improve their fitness. Whether copper effects on accumulation strategies interact with other environmental stressors such as temperature and how this may differ within species are still unsolved questions. Here, we tested experimentally whether the combined effect of copper and temperature modulates traits linked to fitness, morphology, movement and accumulation in six strains of the ciliate <em>Tetrahymena</em> <em>thermophila</em>. We also explored whether copper accumulation might modulate environmental copper concentration effects on phenotypic and fitness traits. Results showed high intraspecific variability in the phenotypic and fitness response to copper, with interactive effects between temperature and copper. In addition, they suggested an attenuation effect of copper accumulation on the sensitivity of traits to copper, but with great variation between strains, temperature and copper concentration. Diversity of responses among strains and their thermal dependencies pleads for the integration of intraspecific variability and multiple stressors approaches in ecotoxicological studies, thus improving the reliability of assessments of the effects of pollutants on biodiversity.</span></p>
Data and code from: Opposite, but insufficient, phenological responses to climate in two circumpolar seabirds: relative roles of phenotypic plasticity and selection
<p><span>The magnitude of climate change has been greatest in the Arctic, accelerating climate-induced shifts in phenology, but wildlife responses vary. Variation may be due to the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity or phenotypic selection.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we examine and contrast the environmental drivers of plasticity in breeding phenology of two circumpolar seabirds at their receding summer range limit using unique datasets of marked individuals </span><span>covering </span><span>25 and 30</span><span> years</span><span>. Based on prior knowledge of the local ecosystems, we predicted that climate would generate opposing patterns of plasticity in the two populations.</span></p> <p><span>Laying phenology of kittiwakes in the Gulf of Alaska was associated with a large-scale climate oscillation (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) while the Arctic-breeding murres adjusted </span><span>laying to sea-ice conditions. Kittiwakes laid earlier after experiencing colder climate about two years prior and laying dates did not advance over the study, but murres laid earlier when warmer climate led to earlier spring sea-ice break-up, and murre laying dates advanced by one week since 1990. Selection favoured earlier laying in both species.</span></p> <p><span>Both populations adjusted breeding phenology to environmental variation, but we anticipate opposing effects on phenology with continued climate change. Ice-constrained species can likely adapt to some extent because plasticity can provide the necessary shift to this physical barrier, although individuals were only able to adjust by ~one week while ice conditions advanced by over a month</span><span>. </span><span>In more temperate regions</span><span>,</span><span> where phenology is driven by bottom-up effects, plasticity and selection counteract one another leading to limited adaptability. We provide insights into the likely adjustments by Arctic marine animals to an increasingly warmer and ice-less summer.</span></p>
Plasticity across levels: relating epigenomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic responses to osmotic stress in a halotolerant microalga
<p>Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a given genotype to produce alternative phenotypes in response to its environment of development, is an important mechanism for coping with variable environments. While the mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity are diverse, their relative contributions need to be investigated quantitatively to better understand the evolvability of plasticity across biological levels. This requires relating plastic responses of the epigenome, transcriptome, and organismal phenotype, and investigating how they vary with the genotype. Here we carried out this approach for responses to osmotic stress in <em>Dunaliella salina</em>, a green microalga that is a model organism for salinity tolerance. We compared two strains that show markedly different demographic responses to osmotic stress, and showed that these phenotypic responses involve strain- and environment-specific variation in gene expression levels, but a relative low - albeit significant - effect of strain × environment interaction. We also found an important genotype effect on the genome-wide methylation pattern, but little contribution from environmental conditions to the latter. However, we did detect a significant marginal effect of epigenetic variation on gene expression, beyond the influence of genetic differences on epigenetic state, and we showed that hypomethylated regions are correlated with higher gene expression. Our results indicate that epigenetic mechanisms are either not involved in the rapid plastic response to environmental change in this species, or involve only few changes in <em>trans</em> that are sufficient to trigger concerted changes in the expression of many genes, and phenotypic responses by multiple traits.</p>
Data from: Phenotypically plastic responses to environmental variation are more complex than life history theory predicts
<p>For insects that exhibit wing polyphenic development, abiotic and biotic signals dictate the adult wing morphology of the insect in an adaptive manner such that in stressful environments the formation of a flight-capable morph is favored and in low stress environments a flightless morph is favored. While there is a relatively large amount known about the environmental cues that dictate morph formation in wing polyphenic hemipterans like planthoppers and aphids, whether those cues dictate the same morphs in non-hemipteran (i.e. cricket) wing polyphenic species has not been explicitly investigated. To experimentally test the generality of environmental cue determination of wing polyphenism across taxa with diverse life histories, in this study we tested the importance of food quantity, parasitic infection, and tactile cues on wing morph determination in the wing polyphenic sand field cricket, <em>Gryllus firmus</em>. Our results also show that certain stress cues, such as severe diet quantity limitation and parasitic infection, actually led to an increase in the production of flightless morph. Based on these findings, our results suggest that physiological and genetic constraints are important to an organism's ability to respond to environmental variation in an adaptive manner beyond simple life history trade-offs.</p>
One of these things is not like the other: mixed predator cues result in lopsided phenotypic responses in a Neotropical tadpole
<p>Many organisms have evolved to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. <em>Dendropsophus</em> <em>ebraccatus</em> tadpoles develop opposing shifts in morphology and coloration when they are exposed to invertebrate vs vertebrate predators. Each of these alternate phenotypes is adaptive, conferring a survival advantage against the predator with which tadpoles were reared but imposing a survival cost with the mismatched predator. Here, we measured the phenotypic response of tadpoles to graded cues and mixed cues of both fish and dragonfly nymphs. Prey species like <em>D. ebraccatus</em> commonly co-occur with both of these types of predators, amongst many others as well. In our first experiment, tadpoles increased investment in defensive phenotypes in response to increasing concentrations of predator cues. Whereas morphology only differed in the strongest cue predator, tail spot coloration differed even at the lowest cue concentration. In our second experiment, tadpoles reared with cues from both predators developed an intermediate yet skewed phenotype that was most similar to the fish-induced phenotype. Fish are more lethal than dragonfly larvae and thus tadpoles responded most strongly to the more dangerous predator, even though cues of each predator were evenly mixed. We demonstrate that not only do tadpoles assess predation risk via the concentration of predation cues in the water, but they also produce a stronger response to a more lethal predator even when the strength of cues is identical.</p>
Spatial and temporal variation in phenotypes and fitness in response to developmental thermal environments
<p>1) Phenotypic variation within populations is influenced by the environment via plasticity and natural selection. How phenotypes respond to the environment can vary among traits, populations, and life stages in ways that can influence fitness.</p> <p>2) Plastic responses during early development are particularly important because they can affect components of fitness throughout an individual's life. Consequently, how natural selection shapes developmental plasticity could be influenced by fitness consequences across different life stages. Moreover, spatial variation in selection pressures could generate differences in plastic responses among populations.</p> <p>3) To gain insight into sources of variation in phenotypes and survival, we used a laboratory egg incubation experiment using brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) from mainland (ancestral) and island (descendent) populations, combined with a mark-release-recapture experiment in the field. Our study was designed to (i) quantify the effects developmental temperature on embryo development and offspring morphology, (ii) assess how developmental temperature influences offspring survival across different life stages, and (iii) quantify how thermal reaction norms vary among ancestral and descendant populations.</p> <p>4) Developmental temperature influenced offspring morphology, but thermal reaction norms of embryos showed little variation among populations. Developmental temperature influenced offspring survival, but the patterns differed between embryo and hatchling stages; the optimal temperature for embryos was about 5ºC lower than that for hatchlings. High temperatures were thermally stressful to embryos, but they reduced incubation duration and led to early hatching. In turn, earlier hatching increased the probability of survival to adulthood. Moreover, the effect of temperature on hatchling survival was most pronounced for offspring that hatched late in the season.</p> <p>5) The difference in optimal developmental temperatures between life stages may be driven by physiological tolerance for embryos and by ecological factors for hatchlings. Moreover, the fitness consequences of the developmental environment depend upon the phenology of hatching. Overall, these results highlight how the developmental environment can differentially effect fitness across life stages and show that temporal thermal heterogeneity can influence survival of embryos, but the consequences on post-hatching stages may vary at different times of the season.</p>
Inflammatory responses induced by the monophasic variant of Salmonella typhimurium in pigs play a role in the high shedder phenotype and fecal microbiota composition
<p>Pigs infected with <em><span>Salmonella</span></em> may excrete large amounts of <em><span>Salmonella</span></em>, increasing the risk of spread of this pathogen in the food chain. Identifying <em><span>Salmonella</span></em> high shedder pigs is therefore required to mitigate this risk. We analyzed immune-associated markers and composition of the gut microbiota in specific-pathogen-free pigs presenting different shedding levels after an oral infection with <span>Salmonella</span>. Immune response was studied through total blood cell counts, production of anti-<em><span>Salmonella</span></em> antibodies and cytokines, and gene expression quantification. Total <em><span>Salmonella</span></em> shedding for each pig was estimated and hierarchical clustering was used to cluster pigs into high, intermediate, and low shedders. Gut microbiota compositions were assessed using 16S rRNA microbial community profiling. Comparisons were made between control and inoculated pigs, then between high and low shedders pigs. Prior to infection, high shedders had similar immunological profiles compared to low shedders. As soon as 1 day postinoculation (dpi), significant differences in the cytokine production level and on the expression level of several host genes related to a proinflammatory response were observed between high and low shedders. Infection with <em><span>Salmonella</span></em> induced an early and profound remodeling of the immune response in all pigs, but the intensity of the response was stronger in high shedders. In contrast, low shedders seroconverted earlier than high shedders. Just after induction of the proinflammatory response (at 2 dpi), some taxa of the fecal microbiota were specific to the shedding phenotypes. This was related to the enrichment of several functional pathways related to anaerobic respiration in high shedders. In conclusion, our data show that the immune response to <em><span>Salmonella</span></em> modifies the fecal microbiota and subsequently could be responsible for shedding phenotypes. Influencing the gut microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation could be a strategy for preventing <em><span>Salmonella</span></em> high shedding in livestock.</p>
Similar transcriptomic responses to early and late drought stresses produce divergent phenotypes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
<p>Cultivated sunflower (<em>Helianthus</em> <em>annuus</em> L.) exhibits numerous phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to drought. However, the ways in which these responses vary with differences in drought timing and severity are insufficiently understood. We used phenotypic and transcriptomic data to evaluate the response of sunflower to drought scenarios of different timing and severity in a common garden experiment. Using a semi-automated outdoor high-throughput phenotyping platform, we grew six oilseed sunflower lines under control and drought conditions. Our results reveal that similar transcriptomic responses can have disparate phenotypic effects when triggered at different developmental time points. Leaf transcriptomic responses, however, share similarities despite timing and severity differences (e.g., 523 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shared across all treatments), though increased severity elicits greater differences in expression, particularly during vegetative growth. Across treatments, DEGs were highly enriched for genes related to photosynthesis and plastid maintenance. A co-expression analysis identified a single module (M8) enriched in all drought stress treatments. Genes related to drought, temperature, proline biosynthesis, and other stress responses were overrepresented in this module. In contrast to transcriptomic responses, phenotypic responses were largely divergent between early and late drought. Early-stressed sunflowers responded to drought with reduced overall growth, but became highly water-acquisitive during recovery irrigation, resulting in overcompensation (higher aboveground biomass and leaf area) and a greater overall shift in phenotypic correlations, whereas late-stressed sunflowers were smaller and more water use-efficient. Taken together, these results suggest that drought stress at an earlier growth stage elicits a change in development that enables greater uptake and transpiration of water during recovery, resulting in higher growth rates despite similar initial transcriptomic responses.</p>
Adding Dasatinib Or Venetoclax To Improve Responses In Children With Newly Diagnosed T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Or Lymphoma (T-LLY) Or Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia (MPAL)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06390319. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Apparent differential phenotypic responses by kelp forest grazers to disease-driven removal of sea star predators; [Data: Tegula shell morphology, GSI, stable isotope analysis]
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The role of genetic variation in shaping phenotypic responses to diet in aging <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>
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One of these things is not like the other: mixed predator cues result in lopsided phenotypic responses in a Neotropical tadpole
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Data from: Phenotypically plastic responses to environmental variation are more complex than life history theory predicts
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Plasticity across levels: relating epigenomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic responses to osmotic stress in a halotolerant microalga
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.