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294 results for “photoreceptors”
Parametric effects of light acting via multiple photoreceptors contribute to circadian entrainment in Drosophila melanogaster
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Fovea-like photoreceptor specialisations underlie single UV-cone driven prey capture behaviour in zebrafish
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Photoreceptor loss does not recruit neutrophils despite strong microglial activation
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Comprehensive study for SNARE involved in the post-Golgi transport in Drosophila photoreceptors
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Data from: Thyroid hormone receptor beta mutations alter photoreceptor development and function in Danio rerio (zebrafish)
<p>We investigate mutations in <i>trβ2</i>, a splice variant of <i>thrb</i>, identifying changes in function, structure, and behavior in larval and adult zebrafish retinas. Two N-terminus CRISPR mutants were identified. The first is a <i>6BP+1</i> insertion deletion frameshift resulting in a truncated protein. The second is a <i>3BP </i>in frame deletion with intact binding domains. ERG recordings of isolated cone signals showed that the <i>6BP+1</i> mutants did not respond to red wavelengths of light while the <i>3BP </i>mutants did respond. <i>6BP+1 </i>mutants lacked optomotor and optokinetic responses to red/black and green/black contrasts. Both larval and adult <i>6BP+1</i> mutants exhibit a loss of red-cone contribution to the ERG and an increase in UV-cone contribution. Transgenic reporters show loss of cone <i>trβ2</i> activation in the <i>6BP+1 </i>mutant but increase in the density of cones with active blue, green, and UV opsin genes. Antibody reactivity for red-cone LWS1 and LWS2 opsin was absent in the <i>6BP+1</i> mutant, as was reactivity for arrestin3a. Our results confirm a critical role for <i>trβ2</i> in long-wavelength cone development.</p>
Data from: UV photoreceptors and UV-yellow wing pigments in Heliconius butterflies allow a color signal to serve both mimicry and intraspecific communication
Mimetic wing coloration evolves in butterflies in the context of predator confusion. Unless butterfly eyes have adaptations for discriminating mimetic color variation, mimicry also carries a risk of confusion for the butterflies themselves. Heliconius butterfly eyes, which express recently duplicated UV opsins, have such an adaptation. To examine bird and butterfly color vision as sources of selection on butterfly coloration we studied yellow wing pigmentation in the tribe Heliconiini. We confirmed using reflectance and mass spectrometry that only Heliconius use 3-hydroxy-DL kynurenine (3-OHK) as a wing pigment. 3-OHK looks yellow to humans but it reflects both UV- and long-wavelength light whereas butterflies in related genera have chemically unknown yellow pigments mostly lacking UV-reflectance. Modeling of these color signals reveals that the two UV photoreceptors of Heliconius are better suited to separating 3-OHK from non-3-OHK spectra compared to the photoreceptors of related genera or birds. The co-occurrence of potentially enhanced UV-vision and a UV-reflecting 'yellow' wing pigment could allow unpalatable Heliconius private intraspecific communication in the presence of mimics. Our results are the best available evidence for the correlated evolution of a color signal and color vision. They also suggest that predator visual systems are error-prone in the context of mimicry.
Data from: Elovanoids counteract oligomeric β-Amyloid-induced gene expression and protect photoreceptors
<p><span>The onset of neurodegenerative diseases activates inflammation that leads to progressive neuronal cell death and impairments in cognition (Alzheimer's disease, AD) and sight (age-related macular degeneration, AMD). How neuroinflammation can be counteracted is not known. In AMD, amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) accumulates in subretinal drusen. In the 5xFAD retina, we found early functional deficiencies (ERG) without photoreceptor cell (PRC) death and identified early insufficiency in biosynthetic pathways of pro-homeostatic/neuroprotective mediators, neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) and elovanoids (ELVs). To mimic an inflammatory milieu in wild-type (WT) mouse, we triggered retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage/PRC death by subretinally injected oligomeric β-Amyloid (OAβ) and observed that ELVs administration counteracted their effects, protecting these cells. In addition, ELVs prevented OAβ-induced changes in gene expression engaged in senescence, inflammation, autophagy, extracellular matrix remodeling and AMD. Moreover, since OAβ target the RPE, we used primary human RPE cell cultures and demonstrated that OAβ caused cell damage, while ELVs protected and restored gene expression as in mouse. Our data show OAβ activates senescence as reflected by enhanced expression of p16INK4a, MMP1, p53, p21, p27 and Il-6 and of <span>senescence-associated secretory phenotype</span> (SASP) secretome, followed by RPE and PRC demise and that elovanoids 32 and 34 blunt these events and elicits protection. In addition, ELVs counteracted OAβ-induced expression of genes engaged in AMD, autophagy and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Overall, our data uncovered that ELVs downplay OAβ-senescence program induction and inflammatory transcriptional events and protect RPE cells and PRC, and therefore have potential as a possible therapeutic avenue for AMD.</span></p>
Data from: Individual variation in cone photoreceptor density in house sparrows: implications for between-individual differences in visual resolution and chromatic contrast
Between-individual variation has been documented in a wide variety of taxa, especially for behavioral characteristics; however, intra-population variation in sensory systems has not received similar attention in wild animals. We measured a key trait of the visual system, the density of retinal cone photoreceptors, in a wild population of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We tested whether individuals differed from each other in cone densities given within-individual variation across the retina and across eyes. We further tested whether the existing variation could lead to individual differences in two aspects of perception: visual resolution and chromatic contrast. We found consistent between-individual variation in the densities of all five types of avian cones, involved in chromatic and achromatic vision. Using perceptual modeling, we found that this degree of variation translated into significant between-individual differences in visual resolution and the chromatic contrast of a plumage signal that has been associated with mate choice and agonistic interactions. However, there was no evidence for a relationship between individual visual resolution and chromatic contrast. The implication is that some birds may have the sensory potential to perform "better" in certain visual tasks, but not necessarily in both resolution and contrast simultaneously. Overall, our findings (a) highlight the need to consider multiple individuals when characterizing sensory traits of a species, and (b) provide some mechanistic basis for between-individual variation in different behaviors (i.e., animal personalities) and for testing the predictions of several widely accepted hypotheses (e.g., honest signaling).
Robust cone-mediated signaling persists late into rod photoreceptor degeneration
<p>Rod photoreceptor degeneration causes deterioration in the morphology and physiology of cone photoreceptors along with changes in retinal circuits. These changes could diminish visual signaling at cone-mediated light levels, thereby limiting the efficacy of treatments such as gene therapy for rescuing normal, cone-mediated vision. However, the impact of progressive rod death on cone-mediated signaling remains unclear. A mouse model of rod degeneration was used to investigate the fidelity of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) signaling throughout disease progression. Despite clear deterioration of cone morphology with rod death, cone-mediated signaling among RGCs remained surprisingly robust: spatiotemporal receptive fields changed little and the mutual information between stimuli and spiking responses was relatively constant. This relative stability held until nearly all rods had died and cones had completely lost well-formed outer segments. Interestingly, RGC information rates were higher and more stable for natural movies than checkerboard noise as degeneration progressed. The main change in RGC responses with photoreceptor degeneration was a decrease in response gain. These results suggest that gene therapies for rod degenerative diseases are likely to successfully prolong cone-mediated vision even if there are changes to cone morphology and density.</p>
A Tale of Two Retinal Domains: Near-Optimal Sampling of Achromatic Contrasts in Natural Scenes through Asymmetric Photoreceptor Distribution
<p>Spectral image data of an early spring daytime forest scene recorded using a ‘‘hyperspectral scanner’’. For details, see<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24314730"> Baden, Schubert et al. (2013)</a> doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.030. For a script to access the data, see <a href="https://github.com/eulerlab/published_data">github.com/eulerlab/published_data</a>.</p>
COMSOL models for Electronic "photoreceptors" enable prosthetic vision with acuity matching the natural resolution in rats
<p>The in-vitro and in-vivo COMSOL models described in paper <em>Electronic “photoreceptors” enable prosthetic vision with acuity matching the natural resolution in rats.</em></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/60e7380c-a31e-429c-a337-0a8b267d6bcc/Flat_pdish_final.mph">Flat_pdish_final.mph</a>: In-vitro model of the photovoltaic array tested in a Petri dish filled with 10x diluted saline water.</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/60e7380c-a31e-429c-a337-0a8b267d6bcc/Flat_RatEye_final.mph">Flat_RatEye_final.mph</a>: In-vivo model of the photovoltaic array implanted in the subretinal space of an RCS rat. The rat eye is anatomically realistic, while the head is replaced by a cylinder for computational tractability.</p> <p> </p>
Source Data for the publication "From crystallographic data to solution structure of photoreceptors: the case of AppA BLUF domain"
<p>This dataset contains the raw data for the results shown in the paper, all in excel format, one sheet per file:</p> <ul> <li> <p>chemical_shifts.xlsx - Chemical shifts of FMN and residues (on optimized frames)</p> </li> <li> <p>excitation_energies.xlsx - Excitation energies of FMN (on optimized frames)</p> </li> <li> <p>Distance_H3.xlsx - Distance between ASN-OD1 and FMN-H3 (on optimized frames)</p> </li> <li> <p>CO_freq_QMMM_MD.xlsx - Average C=O frequencies and relevant distances for each QM/MM MD.</p> <p> </p> </li> </ul>
Characterization of eyes, photoreceptors and opsins in developmental stages of the arrow worm Spadella cephaloptera (Chaetognatha)
<p>The phylogenetic position of chaetognaths, or arrow worms, has been debated for decades, however recently they have been grouped into the Gnathifera, a sister clade to all other Spiralia. Chaetognath photoreceptor cells are anatomically unique by exhibiting a highly modified cilium and are arranged differently in the eyes of the various species. Studies investigating eye development and underlying gene regulatory networks are so far missing. To gain insights into the development and the molecular toolkit of chaetognath photoreceptors and eyes a new transcriptome of the epibenthic species <em>Spadella cephaloptera</em> was searched for opsins. Our screen revealed two copies of <em>xenopsin</em> and a single copy of <em>peropsin</em>. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that only <em>xenopsin1</em> is expressed in photoreceptor cells of the developing lateral eyes. Adults likewise exhibit two <em>xenopsin1</em>+ photoreceptor cells in each of their lateral eyes. Beyond that, a single <em>cryptochrome</em> gene was uncovered and found to be expressed in photoreceptor cells of the lateral developing eye. In addition, <em>cryptochrome</em> is also expressed in the cerebral ganglia in a region in which also <em>peropsin</em> expression was observed. This condition is reminiscent of a non-visual photoreceptive zone in the apical nervous system of the annelid <em>Platynereis dumerilii</em> that performs circadian entrainment and melatonin release. <em>Cryptochrome</em> is also expressed in cells of the corona ciliata, an organ in the posterior dorsal head region, indicating a role in circadian entrainment. Our study highlights the importance of the Gnathifera for unraveling the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes in Spiralia and Bilateria.</p>
data for "Structure-function analysis suggests that the photoreceptor LITE-1 is a light-activated ion channel"
<p>Data S1 for Manuscript <strong>Structure-function analysis suggests that the photoreceptor LITE-1 is a light-activated ion channel.</strong></p>
Data from: Elovanoids counteract oligomeric β-Amyloid-induced gene expression and protect photoreceptors
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Data from: UV photoreceptors and UV-yellow wing pigments in Heliconius butterflies allow a color signal to serve both mimicry and intraspecific communication
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Data from: Individual variation in cone photoreceptor density in house sparrows: implications for between-individual differences in visual resolution and chromatic contrast
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Data from: Thyroid hormone receptor beta mutations alter photoreceptor development and function in Danio rerio (zebrafish)
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Data from: Transcription factors involved in retinogenesis are co-opted by the circadian clock following photoreceptor differentiation
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Robust cone-mediated signaling persists late into rod photoreceptor degeneration
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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