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Figure 2 in Morphological traits allow distinguishing their hybrids from the Northern pike, Esox lucius, and the Aquitanian pike, Esox aquitanicus (Actinopterygii, Esociformes)
Figure 2. – Photos of pike specimens identified as hybrids of Esox aquitanicus and E. lucius according to Denys et al. (2014, 2018) (see Tab. I): Adour River at Estirac, 29 Aug. 2013, BRO462 247 mm SL (A); Boutonne stream (Charente drainage) at Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne, 10 Oct. 2013, BRO545 416 mm SL (B); Lien stream (Charente drainage) at Condac, 10 Sep. 2013, BRO505 402 mm SL (C), BRO506 282 mm SL (D) and BRO509 145 mm SL (E); Eyre River at Bélin-Béliet, 8 Jul. 2013, BRO445 121 mm SL (F). Credit photos: G. Denys / MNHN.
Figure 1 in Dietary comparison of pike-perch, Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) and catfish, Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 in Sidi Salem dam reservoir (Tunisia)
Figure 1. – Locations of the sampling stations in Sidi Salem reservoir. S1: Downstream, S2: Oued Zargha, S3: Central station, S4: Upstream.
Fig. 1 in Convergent evolution of jaws between spinosaurid dinosaurs and pike conger eels
Fig. 1. Comparative evolution of jaws between Muraenesocidae (A) and Spinosauridae (B). Craniodental morphologies of Recent pike conger eels and Cretaceous spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs are convergently similar, likely resulting from similar feeding habits. In the sister groups of Muraenesocidae and Spinosauridae, here represented respectively by Conger (Congridae) and Dubreuillosaurus (Megalosauridae), skulls exhibit the plesiomorphic condition (i.e., rostrum not markedly elongated, absence of premaxillary and dentary "rosettes", dentition homodont). The derived condition observed in both pike congers and spinosaurs, which seems to be associated with an enhanced sensitivity, can be interpreted as an adaptation to forage efficiently in aquatic environments and to grab evasive prey items such as fishes. Muraenesocidae are represented here by Muraenesox bagio (skull and head), and Spinosauridae by Baryonyx walkeri (skull) and Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (head reconstruction; courtesy of Stephen O'Connor). Characters: 1, elongated rostrum; 2, terminal "rosette" in both upper and lower jaws; 3, deep notch posterior to the upper jaw "rosette"; 4, strong heterodonty (in size); 5, "rosettes" bearing enlarged teeth. Illustrations not to scale.
Figure 1 in Effect of spawning time on egg quality, larval morphometrics and survival of Northern pike Esox lucius
Figure 1 - Nested effect of the female [F (ST)]. A: Pike egg weight (Wegg); B: Fertilization rate of eggs (FR); C: Total length of larvae at hatch (TLi); D: Resistance of larvae to starvation (LP50); E: Final weight of larvae (W) (21st day post hatch). F: female; f ST: spawning time; 1: first spawning date (March 16); 2: second spawning date (March 23). The same letters in each sub-plot denote non-significant results (p <0.05).
Figure 1 in S7 characterization of Western European pikes Esox spp. (Actinopterygii, Esociformes
Figure 1. – Bayesian tree of the 1635 bp of the first intron of the S7 ribosomal protein coding gene (S7) for the 48 sequences separated by alleles of Esox spp. Numbers on the nodes represent posterior probabilities. Diagnostic indels and their location in the alignment are marked by a black triangle and position in the sequence above. Vouchers identifications are symbolized by black and white squares repre- senting respectively E. aquitanicus and E. lucius (see Denys et al., 2014), and gray dots designate E. cisalpinus. $: indicates the holotype of Esox aquitanicus Denys et al., 2014 (MNHN 2013-1246).
Chelatna pike suppression in 2018 and 2019
Northern pike are an invasive species in southcentral Alaska and have caused the decline and extirpation of salmonids and other native fish populations across the region. Over the last decade, adaptive management of invasive pike populations has included population suppression, eradication, outreach, angler engagement, and research to mitigate damages from pike where feasible. Pike suppression efforts have been focused in open drainages of the northern and western Cook Inlet areas, and eradication efforts have been primarily focused on the Kenai Peninsula and the municipality of Anchorage. Between 2010 and 2020, almost 40,000 pike were removed from southcentral Alaska waters as a result of suppression programs, and pike have been successfully eradicated from over 20 lakes and creeks from the Kenai Peninsula and Anchorage, nearly completing total eradication of pike from known distributions in those areas. Northern pike control actions are tailored to the unique conditions of waters prioritized for their management, and all efforts support the goal of preventing further spread of this invasive aquatic apex predator to vulnerable waters.
Whitley Pike 2 (Sept 2007)
Outcrop on Whitley Pike, Troughend Common, WSW of Otterburn, Northumberland. This rock is referenced 'Whiteley Pike 2, North Sunday Sight' on the Beckensall Archive (BA) and includes the description by the original finder: "A single basin (based on drawing by Diane Charlton, in R Charlton (1983)). The BA also includes a copy of the 1983 drawing of this panel by Diane Charlton. NADRAP added the record to ERA in 2008, but referenced the panel 'Whitley Pike 2'. They suggest the basin may have natural origins. ERA & BA info: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/era/section/panel/overview.jsf?eraId=1422 Model created from a single stereo pair captured by Dave Tuck and David Jones (NADRAP team 2) in September 2007. The imagery forms part of the full NADRAP archive deposited with Historic England & Northumberland County Council. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fig. 3 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus
Fig. 3 (See legend on previous page.)
Figure. The location of the study area (black dot) near the Tisza River in East Hungary. in The first recording of the threatened species, the European weather loach, Misgurnus fossilis (Berg, 1949), in the diet of the pike
Figure. The location of the study area (black dot) near the Tisza River in East Hungary.
Chelatna pike suppression in 2018 and 2019
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Microsatellites for northern pike (Esox lucius) populations in Germany
<ol> <li><span><i>Esox lucius</i> L. (northern pike) inhabits river, lake and brackish water ecosystems of the temperate region in North America and Eurasia. In many areas of its native range, the species is confronted with human-induced disturbances that can affect local and regional genetic diversity. Conservation of genetic diversity constitutes an important policy objective. Therefore, we investigated how the genetic population structure and patterns suggestive of hybridization among subpopulations from different catchments vary with the type of ecosystem (river vs. lake) and the integrity of the ecosystem assessed using ecological status assessments of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and indices of the wetland quality (in rivers) and trophic state (in lakes). </span></li> <li><span>1,384 pike samples from the North, Baltic and Black Sea drainages in Germany were analysed. We differentiated between metapopulations from each hydrogeographic region using genotypes from 15 microsatellites and mitochondrial <i>cyt</i> <i>b</i> sequences. </span></li> <li><span>Individual populations showed signs of genetic admixture ranging from almost zero to complete replacement by foreign genotypes originating from different catchments. Hierarchical general linear modeling revealed a significantly positive association of the degree of genetic hybridization with decreasing ecological status. An eroded population substructure indicative of hybridization was also significantly elevated in rivers relative to lakes and in heavily modified water bodies. Results were consistent when using ecological status assessments by the WFD and an alternative environmental quality index based on the health of wetlands in rivers and trophic state in lakes. </span></li> <li><span>We speculate that macrophyte loss through loss of wetlands or in response to eutrophication fostered genetic mixing among different subpopulations, which were brought into secondary contact either due to stocking or due to natural dispersal from foreign catchments. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic alteration of freshwater ecosystems may influence the genetic structures present in a freshwater top piscivore at both local and regional scales.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Sex-specific effects of outbreeding on offspring quality in pike (Esox lucius)
Intraspecific genetic admixture occurs when previously separated populations within a species start interbreeding, and it can have either positive, negative or netural effects on reproductive performance. There is currently little knowledge regarding what determines the outcome of admixture. We tested for effects of admixture on offspring quality in three subpopulations of pike (Esox lucius). Gametes were collected in the field, and eggs from each female were experimentally fertilized with milt from a male from each population (one 'pure' and two 'admixed' treatments). Three offspring quality measures (hatching success, fry survival, and fry length) were determined and compared between (i) pure and admixed population combinations, and (ii) the sex-specific treatments within each admixed population combination (based on the origin of the male and female respectively). The results revealed that although there were no overall effects of admixture on offspring quality, the consequences for a given population combination could be sex-specific and thus differ depending on which of the parents originated from one or the other population. All offspring quality traits were influenced by both maternal ID and paternal ID. Sex- and individual-specific effects can have implications for dispersal behavior and gene flow between natural populations, and are important to consider in conservation efforts.
Data from: Comparing the performance of microsatellites and RADseq in population genetic studies: analysis of data for pike (Esox lucius) and a synthesis of previous studies
<p>Population genetic studies reveal biodiversity patterns and inform about drivers of evolutionary differentiation and adaptation, including gene flow, drift and selection. This can advance our understanding and aid decision making regarding management and conservation efforts. Microsatellites have long been used in population genetic studies.Thanks to the development of newer techniques, sequencing approaches such as restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) are on their way to replace microsatellites for some applications. However, the performance of these two marker types in population genetics have rarely been systematically compared. We utilized three neutrally and adaptively differentiated populations of anadromous pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) to assess the relative performance of microsatellites and RADseq with respect to resolution and conclusiveness of estimates of population differentiation and genetic structure. To this end, the same set of individuals (<i>N</i> = 64) were genotyped with both RADseq and microsatellite markers. To assess effects of sample size, the same subset of 10 randomly chosen individuals from each population (<i>N</i> = 30 in total) were also genotyped with both methods. Comparisons of estimated genetic diversity and structure showed that both markers were able to uncover genetic structuring. The full RADseq dataset provided the clearest detection of the finer scaled genetic structuring, and the other three datasets (full and subset microsatellite, and subset RADseq) provided comparable results. A search for outlier loci performed on the full SNP dataset poninted to signs of selection potentially associated with salinity and temperature, exemplifying the utility of RADseq to inform about the importance of different environmental factors. To evaluate whether performance differences between the markers are general or context specific, the results of previous studies that have investigated population structure using both marker types were synthesized. The synthesis revealed that RADseq performed as well as, or better than microsatellites in detecting genetic structuring in the included studies. The differences in the ability to detect population structure, both in the present and the previous studies, are likely explained by the higher number of loci typically utilized in RADseq compared to microsatellite analysis, as increasing the number of markers will (regardless of the marker type) increase power and allow for clearer detection and higher resolution of genetic structure.</p>
Data from: Causes and consequences of repeatability, flexibility and individual fine-tuning of migratory timing in pike
1. Many organisms undertake migrations between foraging and breeding habitats and while it is assumed that reproductive timing affects fitness, little is known about the degree of individual consistency, and about the causes and consequences of individual variation in migratory timing in organisms other than birds. 2. Here, we report on a 6-year mark–recapture study, including 2048 individuals, of breeding migration in anadromous pike (Esox lucius), an iteroparous top-predatory fish that displays homing behaviour. By repeated sampling across years at a breeding site, we first quantify individual variation both within and between breeding events and then investigate phenotypic correlates and fitness consequences of arrival timing to the breeding site. 3. Our data demonstrate that males arrive before females, that large males arrive later than small males, that the timing of breeding migration varies among years and that individuals are consistent in their timing across years relative to other individuals in the population. 4. Furthermore, data on return rates indicate that arrival time is under stabilizing viability selection, and that individuals who are more flexible in their timing of arrival during the first reproductive years survive longer compared with less flexible individuals. Finally, longitudinal data demonstrate that individuals consistently fine-tune their arrival timing across years, showing that the timing of arrival to breeding sites is influenced by experience. 5. These findings represent rare evidence of how between- and within-individual variations in migratory timing across breeding events are correlated with phenotypic and fitness traits in an ecologically important keystone species. Our results emphasize the importance of considering variation in migratory timing both between and within individuals in studies investigating the fitness consequences of migratory behaviour and have implications for future management.
Data from: A population genetic window into the past and future of the walleye Sander vitreus: Relation to historic walleye and the extinct "blue pike" S. v. "glaucus"
Background: Conserving genetic diversity and local adaptations are management priorities for wild populations of exploited species, which increasingly are subject to climate change, habitat loss, and pollution. These constitute growing concerns for the walleye Sander vitreus, an ecologically and economically valuable North American temperate fish with large Laurentian Great Lakes' fisheries. This study compares genetic diversity and divergence patterns across its widespread native range using mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences and nine nuclear DNA microsatellite (μsat) loci, examining historic and contemporary influences. We analyze the genetic and morphological characters of a putative endemic variant– "blue pike" S. v. "glaucus" –described from Lakes Erie and Ontario, which became extinct. Walleye with turquoise-colored mucus are evaluated, since some have questioned whether these are related to the "blue pike". Results: Walleye populations are distinguished by significant considerable genetic divergence (mean FST mtDNA=0.32±0.01, μsat=0.13±0.00) and substantial diversity across their range (mean heterozygosity mtDNA=0.53±0.02, μsat=0.68±0.03). Southern populations markedly differ, possessing unique haplotypes and alleles, especially the . The Ohio/New River population that housespossesses the most pronounced divergence and the oldest haplotype. Northerly formerly glaciated populations have greatest diversity in Lake Erie (mean heterozygosity mtDNA=0.79±0.00, μsat=0.72±0.01). Genetic diversity was much less in historic Lake Erie samples from 1923–1949 (mean heterozygosity mtDNA=0.05±0.01, μsat=0.47±0.06) than today. The historic "blue pike" had no unique haplotypes/alleles and there is no evidence that it comprised a separate taxon from walleye. Turquoise mucus walleye also show no genetic differentiation from other sympatric walleye and no correspondence to the "blue pike". Conclusions: Contemporary walleye populations possess high levels of genetic diversity and divergence, despite habitat degradation and exploitation. Genetic and previously published tagging data indicate that natal homing and spawning site philopatry led to population structure. Population patterns were shaped by climate change and drainage connections, with northern ones tracing to post-glacial recolonization. Southerly populations possess unique alleles and may provide an important future genetic reservoir. Allelic frequencies of Lake Erie walleye from ~70–90 years ago significantly differed from today, suggesting population recovery after extensive habitat loss, pollution, and exploitation. The historic "blue pike" was indistinguishable from walleye, indicating that taxonomic designation is not warranted.
FIGURE 2 in Crenicichla taikyra (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina
FIGURE 2. Lower pharyngeal tooth plate in occlusal view. a. C. taikyra, AI 264, 77.0 mm SL. b. C. yaha, AI 315, 77.6 mm SL. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Crenicichla taikyra (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina
FIGURE 1. Crenicichla taikyra, holotype, MACN-ict 9461, 98.3 mm, Argentina, Misiones province, río Paraná at Candelaria.
FIGURE 4 in Crenicichla taikyra (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Crenicichla taikyra in the río Paraná in Argentina. 1—Candelaria (type locality), 2—río Paraná at Posadas, 3—Ituzaingó city, and 4—Yahapé city. The number 12 inside the circle corresponds to national route 12.
FIGURE 3 in Crenicichla taikyra (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of pike cichlid from the middle río Paraná, Argentina
FIGURE 3. Crenicichla taikyra, paratype, live specimen, MACN-ict 9466, 74.9 mm, Argentina, Corrientes province, Ituzaingo city.
Data from: Drivers of neutral and adaptive differentiation in pike (Esox lucius) populations from contrasting environments
<p>Understanding how eco-evolutionary processes and environmental factors drive population differentiation and adaptation are key challenges in evolutionary biology of relevance for biodiversity protection. Differentiation requires at least partial reproductive separation, which may result from different modes of isolation such as geographic isolation (allopatry) or isolation by distance (IBD), resistance (IBR), and environment (IBE). Despite that multiple modes might jointly influence differentiation, studies that compare the relative contributions are scarce. Using RADseq, we analyse neutral and adaptive genetic diversity and structure in 11 pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) populations along a latitudinal gradient (54.9 - 63.6°N), to investigate the relative effects of IBD, IBE and IBR, and to assess whether the effects differ between neutral and adaptive variation, or across structural levels. Patterns of neutral and adaptive variation differed, likely reflecting that they have been differently affected by stochastic and deterministic processes. The importance of the different modes of isolation differed between neutral and adaptive diversity, yet were consistent across structural levels. Neutral variation was influenced by interactions among all three modes of isolation, with IBR (seascape features) playing a central role, wheares adaptive variation was mainly influenced by IBE (environmental conditions). Taken together, this and previous studies suggest that it is common that multiple modes of isolation interactively shape patterns of genetic variation, and that their relative contributions differ among systems. To enable identification of general patterns and understand how various factors influence the relative contributions, it is important that several modes are simultaneously investigated in additional populations, species and environmental settings.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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