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Fig. 1. The acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen, 1934. A in New cranial material of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta from the Lower Devonian of Podolia-phylogenetic and taxonomic significance

Fig. 1. The acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen, 1934. A. Reconstruction of the skull roof of P. vasta based on specimen ZPALAg. V/1 from the middle Lochkovian of Vynohradne, Podolia, Ukraine. B. Reinterpretation of NRM.P.5003 from the middle Lochkovian of Dobrivlyany, Podolia, Ukraine (based on the photograph of the specimen in Stensiö 1944: pl. 1). C. Original interpretation based NRM.P.5003 (redrawn from Stensiö 1944: fig. 1, Stensiö's labels in italics). B, C, not to scale. Abbreviations: d.end.e, external opening for the endolymphatic duct; eth.sh, ethmoidal dermal capsule; ioc, infraorbital sensory line groove; lc, cephalic part of the main lateral sensory line groove; M, marginal plate; m.cr, median crest of the nuchal plate; N, nuchal plate; occ, occipital cross commissure; orb, orbit; pmc, postmarginal sensory line groove; PaN.a, anterior paranuchal plate; PaN.m, median paranuchal plate; PaN.p, posterior paranuchal plate; ppl, posterior pitline; PRM, premedian plate; PrO, preorbital plate; PtO, postorbital plate; RoNa, rostronasal capsule; soc, supraorbital sensory line groove; vdl, "probable position of a ventrally descending lamina of dermal bone which formed the posterior boundary of the ethmoidal caspule".

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Fig. 2 in New cranial material of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta from the Lower Devonian of Podolia-phylogenetic and taxonomic significance

Fig. 2. Incomplete skull of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen, 1934 (ZPAL Ag. V/1) from the middle Lochkovian of Vynohradne, Podolia, Ukraine, in ventral (A1), left (A3) and right (A2) lateral, dorsal (A4), and anterior (A5) views. Abbreviations: a.pop, anterior postorbital process; a.pr.br, articular facet for the dorsal elements of the branchial basket; av.myo, anteroventral myodome; c.VI, canal for the abducens nerve; c.VII, canal for the (main trunk of the) facial nerve; c.VIII, canal for the acoustic nerve; c.IX, canal for the glossopharyngeal nerve; c.pit.v, canal for the pituitary vein; c.X, canal for the vagus nerve; cc.a.g, common carotid artery groove; d.end.e, external opening for the endolymphatic duct; d.myo, dorsal myodome; e.c, cranial cavity; e.s, eyestalk; ehy+op.art, articular facet for the epihyal and opercular cartilages; f.III.1–2, foramina for the oculomotor nerves; f.IV, foramen for the trochlear nerve; f.V.1, foramen for the first branch of the trigeminal nerve; f.V.2–3, foramen for the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve; f.VI, foramen for the abducens nerve; f.VII.hm, foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve; f.X, foramen for the vagus nerve; f.ic.a, foramen for the internal carotid artery; f.j.v, foramen for the jugular vein; f.pit.v, foramen for the pituitary vein; g.II, groove for the optic nerve; g.V.2–3, groove for the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve; g.ac.v, groove for the anterior cerebral vein; g.eff.a, groove for the efferent artery; g.ehy.a, groove for the epihyal artery; g.ic.a, groove for the internal carotid artery; g.op.a, groove for the opercular artery; g.rn.cap, groove for the insertion of the ventral part of the rostronasal capsule; ins.rn.cap, insertion slit for the dorsolateral portion of the rostronasal caspule; ioc, infraorbital sensory line groove; lc, cephalic part of the main lateral sensory line groove; mpt.art, articulation facet for the metapterygoid; occ, occipital cross commissure; pmc, postmarginal sensory line groove; p.pop, posterior postorbital process; pfc, profundus sensory line groove; pmc, postmarginal sensory line groove; ppl, posterior pitline; pv.myo, posteroventral myodome; sac, saccula of the inner ear; soc, supraorbital sensory line groove; v.myo, ventral myodome; VII.pal.c, canal for the palatine ramus of the facial nerve.

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Fig. 3 in New cranial material of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta from the Lower Devonian of Podolia-phylogenetic and taxonomic significance

Fig. 3. Simplified strict consensus tree of gnathostomes of n = 18600 most parsimonious trees of L = 961 steps each; strict consensus tree length is Lcs = 1053, its consistency index is CIcs = 0.330 and its retention index is RIcs=0.774. Complete tree with 108 taxa can be consulted in SOM.

Fig. 6 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 6. Palaeogeographic reconstruction during the Early Devonian (after Domeier and Torsvik 2014) and stratigraphic occurences of the "Polish Placoderm Sandstone" and the Ukrainian "Kujdanowiaspis series" in Podolia. Abbreviations: HCM, Holy Cross Mountains; Pd, Podolia.

Fig. 4 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 4. Thoracic elements of arthrodiran placoderm Kujdanowiaspididae indet. (A–I) and Actinolepidoidei indet. (J) from Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Podłazie Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. MZ-VIII/Vp-487, left spinal plate. B. MZ-VIII/Vp-485, left spinal plate. C. Muz PGI 1733.II.285, right spinal plate. D. MZ-VIII/Vp-485, spinal plate (drawing) E. Muz PGI 1733.II.340, right spinal plate. F. Muz PGI 1733.II.442, posterior half of an incomplete median dorsal plate. G. Muz PGI 1733.II.384, subcomplete median dorsal plate. H. Muz PGI 1733.II.81, incomplete median dorsal plate. I. MZ-VIII/ Vp-520, postmedian dorsal scute (tail cover) in dorsal (I1) and posterior (I2) views. J. Muz PGI 1733.II.174, right interolateral plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 5. Arthrodiran placoderm Brachythoraci indet. from Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Podłazie Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. Muz PGI 1733.II.114, print of subcomplete left anterior dorsolateral plate (A1, photograph; A2, "negative drawing"). B. Muz PGI 1733II.107, countreprint subcomplete right anterior dorsolateral plate (B1, photograph; B2, drawing). C. Muz PGI 1733.II.225, ventral side of an incomplete median dorsal plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2. A in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 2. A. Diagrammatic map the Holy Cross Mountains with indicated crossection from the base to the top of the Lower Devonian (modified after Szulczewski 1995). B. Lithostratigraphy of the upper Pragian to Eifelian in the Kielce Region (modified from Fijałkowska-Mader and Malec 2011). Star indicates Podłazie Hill locality; T1–4, pyroclastic horizons; black area in B is a stratigraphical gap.

Fig. 3 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 3. Cranial and thoracic material of arthrodiran placoderm Kujdanowiaspis sp. (A, C, E, F) and Erikaspis sp. (B, D, F) from Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Podłazie Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. MZ-VIII/Vp-340, left fragmentary skull roof. B. MZ-VIII/Vp-480, posterodorsal fragment of a right anterior lateral plate. C. Muz PGI 1733.II.37, right fragmentary skull roof. D. Muz PGI 1733.II.183, left anterior lateral plate. E. MZ-VIII/Vp-515, left postorbital plate. F. Muz PGI 1733.II.390, right postorbital plate. G. Muz PGI 1733.II.383, subcomplete right anterior lateral plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 12 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 12. Reconstructions of the dermal shield of antiarch placoderm Remigolepis durnalensis sp. nov., from Spontin (Namur Province), Famennian, Devonian. A. Reconstruction of the incomplete head shield (the left lateral plate is the mirror image of the right one), dorsal view. B. Trunk reconstruction, dorsal view. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 9. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Remigolepis durnalensis sp. nov., from Spontin (Namur Province), Famennian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.9262, Prm, external view, photographed under water immersion. B. IRSNB P.9263a, La, external view, photographed under water immersion. C. IRSNB P.9264a, Pp, external view, dotted line based on the counterpart IRSNB P.9264b, photographed under water immersion. D. IRSNB P.9265a, AMD, external and internal views, dotted line based on IRSNB P.9265b. E. IRSNB P.9265b, AMD, external and internal views. F. IRSNB P.9266b, AMD, external and internal views. G. IRSNB P.9266a, AMD, external and internal views. Photographs (A1–D1, E–G); explanatory drawings (A2–D2). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 8. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Asterolepis sp. 2., from Mazy (Namur Province), Givetian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.9260, unassigned plate, external view; photograph (A1); explanatory drawing (A2). B. IRSNB P.9259, CD1, external view. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 11 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 11. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Remigolepis durnalensis sp. nov., from Spontin (Namur Province), Famennian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.9273a, PVL + PL, external view; photograph of natural cast (A1), explanatory drawing (A2), dotted line based on PVL and PL of other Remigolepis species. B. IRSNB P.9261a, CV1, internal and external views. C. IRSNB P.9274a, pectoral fin + AVL, ventral view; photograph (C1); explanatory drawing (C2), dotted line based on IRSNB P.9274b. Abbreviations: CV, ventral central plate; ML, lateral marginal plate; VM, ventro-medial marginal plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 5. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Grossilepis rikiki sp. nov., from Moresnet, Liège Province (A, E), Strud, Namur Province (B–D, F), Famennian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.9253a, skull roof, external view; photograph (A 1), under water immersion; explanatory drawing (A 2), dotted line obtained by mirror image. B. IRSNB P.9254, AMD, external view, whitened with ammonium chloride. C. IRSNB P.9257, ML2, external and internal views, dotted line based on IRSNB vert 31594-007. D. IRSNB P.9255a, AMD, internal view; photograph (D 1), explanatory drawing (D 2). E. IRSNB P.9256a, PMD, external and internal views, dotted line based on the counterpart IRSNB P.9256b. F. IRSNB P.9258a, CV1, external view. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 1. Locality map of Belgian antiarch occurrences. Black fish symbols for Givetian finds; white for Famennian.

Fig. 10 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 10. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Remigolepis durnalensis sp. nov., from Spontin (Namur Province), Famennian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.9267a, PMD, external view, dotted line based on IRSNB P.9268. B. IRSNB P.9268a, PMD, internal view, photographed under water immersion. C. IRSNB P.9269a, ADL, external view. D. IRSNB P.9271a, PDL, external and internal views. E. IRSNB P.9270a, PDL, external and internal views. F. IRSNB P.9272, PVL, external view. Photographs (A1, B, C1, D, E1, F1); explanatory drawings (A2, C2, E2, F2). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 7. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Asterolepis sp. 1, from Hingeon (Namur Province), Upper Givetian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.1460, CV1, external view; photograph (A 1), explanatory drawing (A 2). B. IRSNB 1462a, distal part of the pectoral fin, external view. C. IRSNB 1462b, distal part of the pectoral fin, external view, counterpart of IRSNB 1462a. D. Drawing based on IRSNB 1462a and b, distal part of the pectoral fin, external view. E. IRSNB P.1463, MM1, external view; photograph (E ), explanatory drawing (E ). F. IRSNB P.1461a, CV1, internal view. Drawings from Gross 1965. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 3. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Bothriolepis lohesti Leriche, 1931, from Vaux-sous-Chèvremont and Chèvremont (Liège Province), Famennian, Devonian. A. UCL-P.V.L.10.621, partial headshield, external view. Photograph, whitened with ammonium chloride (A 1), explanatory drawing (A 2). B. PALULG-2011.12.14.14A, AMD, external view. C. PALULG-2011.12.14.17A, AMD, internal view. D. PALULG-2011.12.14.18, PMD, external view. E. PALULG-2011.12.14.17B, ADL, internal view. F. UCL-P.V.L.10.668, MxL, external view. G. PALULG-2011.12.14.20, AVL, external and internal views. H. PALULG-2011.12.14.22, pectoral fin, ventral view. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 6. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Asterolepis sp. 1, from Hingeon (Namur Province), Upper Givetian, Devonian. A. IRSNB P.1457, Pp, external view. B. IRSNB P.1456, Nu, external view. C. IRSNB P.1456 and 1457, Pp and Nu, external view. D. IRSNB P.1458, PMD, external and internal views; photograph (D 1), explanatory drawing (D 2). E. IRSNB P.1459b, AVL, external and internal views, counter-part of IRSNB P.1459a. F. IRSNB P.1459a, AVL, external and internal views; photograph (F ), explanatory drawing (F ). Drawings from Gross 1965. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Devonian antiarch placoderms from Belgium revisited

Fig. 4. Dermal plates of antiarch placoderm Bothriolepis sp., from Modave (Liège Province), Famennian, Devonian. A. UCL-P.V.L.10.646, AMD, external view. B. PALULG-2011.12.15.14, AMD, internal view. C. UCL-P.V.L.10.624, MxL, external view. D. PALULG-2011.12.15.16, AVL, internal view. E.?CV1, PALULG-2011.12.15.17, internal view. Scale bars 10 mm.