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Fig. 6. The 12 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 6. The 12 fusiform (spindle-shaped, and oblong) Fusuposis papuliferid cyst forms found in Chukchi Sea plankton net tow material. The specimens shown in A, B, D, E, I, K, and L are all from the 2022 station 16. Scale bars all represent 50 µm.

Fig. 9 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 9. Geographical distribution of the records of the occurrences of Fusopsis in the 155,000 samples collected with the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) across the North Atlantic from 1958 to 1998, adapted from CPR (2004). Note the occurrence records from north of approximately 45°N and into the Arctic waters, in contrast to the absence of records from localities south of about 45°N. The CPR is a plankton sampling device towed by ships of opportunity which provides samples of the plankton of near surface waters captured on a filter gauze of approximately 270 µm mesh. For details see Beaugrand (2004) and CPR (2004). For the history of the device see Dolan (2022).

Fig. 2 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 2. The early illustrations of forms, of distinct morphologies, which would later come to be known as Fusopsis, from reports pre-dating Meunier's studies naming them as such. Canu (1893) depicted two forms, A 1, and A 2 (figs. 8 and 9, respectively, in Canu 1893), which he found in plankton net samples from coastal waters of Boulogne-sur-Mer (NW France). Vanhöffen reported finding the form B (Plate 6, fig. 5 in Vanhöffen 1897) in a plankton net samples from a fjord in western Greenland. Wright (1907) illustrated a form (Plate 5, fig. 4 in Wright 1907) that he found in a plankton net sam- ple from the coastal waters on New Brunswick (E. Canada).

Fig. 5 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 5. Locations of the sampling sites in the Chukchi Sea where Papulifère forms were found in plankton net tow material gathered during survey cruises in 2015, 2021, and 2022. The sites are numbered I to VII in chronological order of sampling. Details of the sites and sampling are given in Table 2.

Fig. 8 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 8. Frequency distributions of the largest dimensions of the two forms found in the greatest abundance. The left panel shows the distribution of 53 specimens of the form shown in Fig. 6E, resembling Meunier's Fusopsis umbracula (Fig. 1B), parsed into size-classes of longest dimension. The right panel shows the distribution of 20 specimens of the form shown in Fig. 7B, resembling Meunier's Sphaeropsis brevisetosa (Fig. 1S), parsed into size-classes of longest dimension. The distributions of the size-classes appears more 'normal' than bi-modal' suggesting that single populations were sampled with wide size-ranges.

Fig. 4 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 4. Illustrations of Papulifère forms said to be tintinnid cysts by Reid and John. From Reid and John 1978: A, B, J, K, & L. From Reid and John 1981: C, D, E, F, G, H, & I. Some were given specific designations: B: "cyst type P"; C: "cyst type S"; D: "cyst type T"; E: "cyst type M"; F: "cyst type F"; G: "cyst type Q"; H: "cyst type K; I: "cyst type N"; L: "cyst type O". Some of these specific designa- tions are still in use in the micropaleontology literature (e.g. Mudie et al. 2021a,b)

Fig. 7. The 14 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 7. The 14 spherical/ovoid 'Sphaeropsis' papuliferid cyst forms found in Chukchi Sea plankton net tow material. All the specimens shown are from the 2022 sample station 16 (sample VII in Table 2), except the one shown in Fig. F. Scale bars all represent 50 µm.

publicJan 2024View details →

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Data from: Physiological mortality rates of planktonic ciliates

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opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Marine and freshwater planktonic ciliates differ in their thermal performance

Predicting the performance of aquatic organisms in a future warmer climate depends critically on understanding how current temperature regimes affect the organisms' growth rates. Using a meta-analysis for published experimental data, we calculated the activation energy (Ea) to parameterize the thermal sensitivity of marine and freshwater ciliates, major players in marine and freshwater food webs. We hypothesized that their growth rates increase with temperature but that ciliates dwelling in the immense, thermally stable ocean are closely adapted to their ambient temperature and have lower Ea than ciliates living in smaller, thermally more variable freshwater environments. The Ea was in the range known from other taxa but significantly lower for marine ciliates (0.390 ± 0.105 eV) than for freshwater ciliates (0.633 ± 0.060 eV), supporting our hypothesis. Accordingly, models aiming to predict the ciliate response to increasing water temperature should apply the environment-specific activation energies provided in this study.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Dataset for: Do marine planktonic ciliates follow Bergmann's rule?

This is a dataset used for the paper entitled "Do marine planktonic ciliates follow Bergmann's rule?" by Liu et al. This dataset includes the mean cell-size of ciliate community obtained from 282 samples from 154 stations covered from 20°S to 65°N. It also contains the biomass of ciliate community, the corresponding environmental parameters including seawater temperature and Chlorophyll a concentration (Chla), and the proxy for phytoplankton (prey) size estimated by two methods (see paper for details).

publicSep 2017View details →

Data from: The Tara Oceans voyage reveals global diversity and distribution patterns of marine planktonic ciliates

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publicFeb 2023View details →

Dataset for: Do marine planktonic ciliates follow Bergmann’s rule?

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publicOct 2022View details →

Marine and freshwater planktonic ciliates differ in their thermal performance

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Fig. 3. Cytostrombidium wailesi and C. longisomum. a, b in Insights on Short-term Blooms of Planktonic Ciliates, Provided by an Easily Recognised Genus: Cyrtostrombidium

Fig. 3. Cytostrombidium wailesi and C. longisomum. a, b – Lugol's preserved, protargol impregnated examples of C. wailesi; c – Lugol's preserved, protargol impregnated, conjugating C. wailesi; d – Lugol's preserved, conjugating C. wailesi; e – Lugol's preserved, protargol impregnated examples of C. longisomum; f – protargol impregnated example of C. longisomum; g – Lugol's preserved C. longisomum; h – protargol impregnated example of C. longisomum with two parasites (p). Scale bars: 5 µm.

Fig. 2 in Insights on Short-term Blooms of Planktonic Ciliates, Provided by an Easily Recognised Genus: Cyrtostrombidium

Fig. 2. Temporal variability in the abundance of the total heterotophic ciliate assemblage and the two Cyrtostrombidium species (ml–1), with an indication of the occurrence of conjugating pairs (arrows), at site C (Fig. 1).

Fig. 3 in Planktonic Ciliates of the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea): Community Structure and Spatial Distribution

Fig. 3. Distribution patterns of ciliate abundance (ind ml–1, dark bars) and biomass (× 10–3 µg C ml–1, empty bars) in the Neva Estuary.

Fig. 4 in Planktonic Ciliates of the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea): Community Structure and Spatial Distribution

Fig. 4. Relative abundance (%) of different size groups of ciliates in the Neva Estuary. Data are not presented for four stations (indicated by points) with extremely low ciliate abundances (<0.1 ind ml–1).

Fig. 3 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 3. The illustrations of the variety of forms, all described as Fusopsis, from Kufferath (1950) that he found in plankton samples from the southern North Sea and the English Channel (NW Europe). The original illustrations shown here as A to F appear in Kufferath's report, respectively, as 16, 17, 20, 18, 19, and 21.

Fig. 1 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 1. Meunier's Papulifères from Meunier 1910, 1919. A–I: Fusopsis forms; J–M: Piropsis forms; N–Y: Sphaeropsis forms. Meunier's names for each, approximate sizes as he depicted them (figures above were re-sized to fit into a single plate), and locations in his reports are given in Table 1.