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FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA

FIGURE 2. Micrographs of Hoplolaimus galeatus, Scutellonema brachyurum and Helicotylenchus dihystera from turfgrasses in NC and SC. All scale bars =20 μm. A. Pharyngeal region of H. galeatus. B. Vulval region of H. galeatus. C. Female tail of H. galeatus. D,E. Male tails of H. galeatus. F. Pharyngeal region of S. brachyurum. G. Vulval region of S. brachyurum. H. Female tail of S. brachyurum. I. Pharyngeal region of H. dihystera. J. Vulva and tail region of H. dihystera.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA

FIGURE 5. Micrographs of Mesocriconema curvatum, M. xenoplax, M. sphaerocephala and Ogma floridense from turfgrasses in NC and SC. All scale bars=20µm. A. Pharyngeal region of M. curvatum. B. Pharyngeal region of M. xenoplax. C. Pharyngeal region of M. sphaerocephala. D,G. Female tail of M. xenoplax. E. Pharyngeal region of O. floridense. F. Female tail of M. curvatum. H. Female tail of M. sphaerocephala. I. Body with anastomoses of M. sphaerocephala. J. Vulva and tail region of O. floridense.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA

FIGURE 9. Micrographs of Paratrichodorus allius, Paratrichodorus minor from turfgrasses in NC and SC (Scale bars: A=100µm; B-F= 20µm). A. Female entire body of P. allius. B. Female esophageal region of P. allius. C. Female tail region of P. allius. D. Female esophageal region of P. m i n o r. E. Vulva and tail region of P. m i n o r. F. Female tail region of P. m i n o r.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA

FIGURE 8. Micrographs of Xiphinema americana, X. bakeri, X. chambersi, Longidorus paralongicaudatus from turfgrasses in NC and SC. All scale bars =20µm. A. Female esophageal region of X. americana. B. Vulva region of X. americana. C,H. Female esophageal region of X. bakeri. D. Vulva region of X. bakeri. E. Female esophageal region of X. chambersi. F. Vulva region of X. chambersi. G. Female tail region of X. americana. I. Female tail region of X. bakeri. J. Female tail region of X. chambersi. K. Female esophageal region of L. paralongicaudatus. L. Vulva region of L. paralongicaudatus. M,N. Female tail region of L. paralongicaudatus.

FIGURE 11 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 11. Light microscope images of female Lobocriconema sp. specimens from clade D. A, F, K (group 9), Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, A) NID 1155, entire, 400X, F) NID 1156, head, 1000X, K) NID 1156, tail, 1000X. B, G, L) (group 11), Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, B) NID 5647, entire, 400X, G) NID 5647, head, 1000X, L) NID 5653, tail, 1000X. C, H, M) (group 12), Tunica Hills, Louisiana, C) NID 3057, entire, 400X, H) NID 3057, head, 1000X, M) NID 3090, tail, 1000X. D, I, N) NID 3403 (group 13), Gregory Bald, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina, D) entire, 400X, I) head, 1000X, N) tail, 1000X. E, J, O) NID 3297 (group 14), Torreya State Park, Florida, E) entire, 400X, J) head, 1000X, O) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 10. Neighbor-joining ITS1 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 10. Neighbor-joining ITS1 tree (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1). Terminal branches identified by NID numbers, taxon, location information and COI group. GenBank Accession sequences are highlighted in green, NID numbers from Criconema arkaense collection sites in Cordero et al. (2012) are highlighted in orange. Clade designation follows the COI tree structure. Red bootstrap values of 5,000 replications.

FIGURE 9 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 9. Light microscope images of female specimens from Criconema arkaense topotype and paratype localities. A, E, I) NID 3229 (clade C, singleton), host maple, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, A) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X. B, F, J) (clade A, group 1) host wild cherry, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, B) NID 3267, entire, 400X, F) NID 3265, head, 1000X, J) NID 3267, tail, 1000X. C, G, K) (clade D, group 10), host hackberry, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, C) NID 3259, entire, 400X, G) NID 3259, head, 1000X, K) NID 3257, tail, 1000X. D, H, L) NID 3256 (clade D, group 11), host hackberry, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas D) entire, 400X, H) head, 1000X, L) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 8 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 8. Light microscope images of female specimens in clade A (group 1) provisionally identified as Lobocriconema crassiannulatum. A, E, I) NID 1149, Lobocriconema sp., Avoca Prairie, Wisconsin, A) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X. B, F, J) NID 3267, Lobocriconema sp., Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. B) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, J) tail, 1000X. C, G, K) NID 1462, Lobocriconema sp., Roth Prairie, Arkansas. C) entire, 400X, G) head, 1000X, K) tail, 1000X. D, H, L) NID 1214, Lobocriconema sp., Fairfax County, Virginia. D) entire, 400X, H) head, 1000X, L) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 13 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 13. Images of juveniles and males. A) NID 3121 (group 12), Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, entire, 1000X, Tunica Hills, Louisiana. B) NID 2527 (group 5), Lobocriconema thornei, moulting juvenile, head, 1000X, Ingham County, Michigan - type locality. C) NID 3301 (group 11), Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head, 1000X, Torreya State Park, Florida. D) NID 938 (group 9), Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, cuticle with scales and fine projections, 1000X, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska. E–H) NID 589 (group 7), male, Ichetucknee River, Florida, hardwood forest, E) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, G) tail region with spicule and subterminal bursa, 1000X, H) midbody cuticle with lateral lines, 1000X.

FIGURE 15 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 15. Discriminant function analysis of the 18 haplotype groups. A) Stepwise selection of morphological variables and estimated ability to separate haplotype groups. B) Mapping of classifications into discriminant space.

FIGURE 6 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 6. Light microscope images of female specimens in group 2, provisionally identified as Criconema lamellatum. A, E, I) NID 1465, Lobocriconema sp., Purchase Knob, GSMNP, A) entire, 400X, E) head, 400X, I) tail, 400X. B, F, J) NID 2582, Lobocriconema sp., Purchase Knob, GRSM, B) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, J) tail, 1000X. C, G, K) NID 3001, Lobocriconema sp., Goshen Prong, GRSM. C) entire, 400X, G) head, 1000X, K) tail, 1000X. D, H, L) NID 899, Lobocriconema sp., Chimney Creek, GRSM D) entire, 400X, H) head, 1000X, L) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 5 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 5. Light microscope images of Criconema lamellatum paratype, a single female collected from Florence, South Carolina in October 17, 1957. Hosts were recorded as fern, grass and trees. A, B) entire 400X, C) head 1000X, D) tail 1000X.

FIGURE 2 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 2. Light microscope images of female L. incrassatum and L. thornei specimens from clade C (groups 3, 5, and 16). A, D, G) NID 5563 (group 3), Lobocriconema incrassatum, Emigration Canyon, Utah, A) entire, 400X, D) head, 1000X, G) tail, 1000X. B, E, H) NID 5575 (group 16), Lobocriconema incrassatum. Providence Canyon, Utah, B) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, H) tail, 1000X. C, F, I) NID 2525 (group 5), Lobocriconema thornei, Ingham County, Michigan, C) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 3 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 3. SEM images of specimens representing clade C. NID numbers are associated with unique specimens; all are females.

FIGURE 1. A 50 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 1. A 50% majority rule Bayesian Consensus tree constructed using 148 COI nucleotide sequences of Lobocriconema and outgroups. Eighteen groups are identified by brackets and group numbers. Five singletons, specimens not belonging to delineated groups, are indicated. Node support values in parentheses are posterior probability values for Bayesian analysis and bootstrap values for maximum likelihood, respectively. The letters A, B, C and D designate major clades. Each terminal branch includes a Nematode IDentification number (NID) number, taxon and collection site. Colored bars indicate groupings according to species delimitation programs ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) and the Statistical Parsimony Program, TCS. TCS groupings were formed at the 95% similarity cutoff value.

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570. in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570.

FIGURE 12 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 12. Distribution of 18 Lobocriconema haplotype groups. Major clades A, B and C are enclosed by boxes, members of clade D are encircled. Triangles identify geographic outliers in the dataset. Boxes and circles without color represent putative endemics, recovered only from that specific location. Colors identify shared group membership. Green outline indicates the geographic range of clade A. Red outline indicates clade C minus the Utah outliers, (groups 3 and 16), group 17, and the endemic clade B (group 2). Blue, magenta, and orange outlines indicate distributions within clade D, Gulf Coast and southern Ozark and Appalachian, Gulf Coast, and north–south corridor respectively.

FIGURE 14 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 14. Discriminant function analysis of the 4 major clades. A) Stepwise selection of morphological variables and estimated ability to separate major clades. B) Mapping of classifications into discriminant space.

FIGURE 4 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 4. Light microscope images of female Lobocriconema sp. specimens from clade C. A, D, G) NID 3414 (group 18), Parfrey's Glen, Wisconsin, A) entire, 400X, D) head, 1000X, G) tail, 1000X. B, E,H) NID 3243 (group 4), Oconaluftee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina, B) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, H) tail, 1000X. C, F, I) NID 3675 (group 17), Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, C) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X.