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41 results for “public goods”
Replication materials for: Are Large Language Models a Threat to Digital Public Goods? Evidence from Activity on Stack Overflow
<p>These are the replication materials for the paper:<br>Are Large Language Models a Threat to Digital Public Goods? Evidence from Activity on Stack Overflow<br>By: Maria del Rio-Chanona, Nadzeya Laurentsyeva, and Johannes Wachs. <br>Preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07367<br>Under Revision for PNAS Nexus</p> <p> </p>
Citizen's willingness to pay for public goods resulting from the implementation of innovation by food companies.
<p><span>The data consists of the results of the choice experiment conducted across six European countries in order to assess citizens' willingness to pay for public goods resulting from the implementation of innovation by food companies. </span></p>
Data from: Cooperative investment in public goods is kin directed in communal nests of social birds
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Data from: Allelopathy as an emergent, exploitable public good in the bloom-forming microalga Prymnesium parvum
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Cooperation in public goods game does not require assortment and depends on population density
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Data and code for Fraser and Nettle, 'Hunger affects social decisions in a Public Goods Game but not an Ultimatum Game'
<p><strong>Data and code for Fraser and Nettle 'Hunger affects social decisions in a multi-round Public Goods Game but not a single-shot Ultimatum Game' </strong></p> <p>The attached R script reproduces all analyses in the paper. There are three .csv data files used by the script: the dataset for experiment 1, the main dataset for experiment 2, and the latency data for experiment 2.</p> <p>This version: April 2020.</p> <p>Since the version of October 2019, we switched the order of presentation of the experiments, so the one previously referred to as experiment 2 is now experiment 1 and vice versa. Other new analyses and sections have also been added.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary dynamics of interlinked public goods traits: an experimental study of siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Public goods cooperation is common in microbes, and there is much interest in understanding how such traits evolve. Research in recent years has identified several important factors that shape the evolutionary dynamics of such systems, yet few studies have investigated scenarios involving interactions between multiple public goods. Here we offer general predictions about the evolutionary trajectories of two public goods traits having positive, negative or neutral regulatory influence on one another's expression, and we report on a test of some of our predictions in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa's production of two interlinked iron-scavenging siderophores. First, we confirmed that both pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophores do operate as public goods under appropriate environmental conditions. We then tracked their production in lines experimentally evolved under different iron-limitation regimes known to favour different siderophore expression profiles. Under strong iron limitation, where pyoverdine represses pyochelin, we saw a decline in pyoverdine and a concomitant increase in pyochelin – consistent with expansion of pyoverdine-defective cheats derepressed for pyochelin. Under moderate iron limitation, pyochelin declined – again consistent with an expected cheat invasion scenario – but there was no concomitant shift in pyoverdine because cross-suppression between the traits is unidirectional only. Alternating exposure to strong and moderate iron-limitation caused qualitatively similar though lesser shifts compared to the constant-environment regimes. Our results confirm that the regulatory inter-connections between public goods traits can significantly modulate the course of evolution, yet also suggest how we can start to predict the impacts such complexities will have on phenotypic divergence and community stability.
Data from: Evolution of conditional cooperation in public good games
<p class="Standard">It is observed that in a repeated public good game with same individuals, free riding by a few individuals in the initial rounds triggers free riding by others in the subsequent rounds. It is presumed that individuals tend to imitate social behaviour of successful or relatively high payoff individuals, irrespective of how the payoffs were obtained. However, humans are concerned about how the payoffs were obtained, such as whether the payoffs were obtained by cheating or good behaviour. Individuals are willing to incur certain cost in order to improve group benefits and these individuals gain prestige. In human societies individuals tend to imitate social behaviour of high prestige agents. We propose that when agents are aware of other agents' payoffs scores and their prestige, perhaps agents are more likely to imitate social behaviour of high prestige and high payoff agents. We introduce, population level affinity parameters such as affinity towards payoff and affinity towards prestige of role models. We show that, for certain affinity parameters, high levels of cooperation are established in a population consisting of heterogeneous conditional co-operators, when agents imitate social behaviour of high prestige and high payoff agents. The proposed model provides insights into why value-based societies are more successful than competitive societies in establishing cooperation.</p>
Data from: Functional amyloids promote retention of public goods in bacteria
The growth and virulence of bacteria depends upon a number of factors that are secreted into the environment. These factors can diffuse away from the producing cells, to be either lost or utilized by cells that do not produce them (cheats). Mechanisms that act to reduce the loss of secreted factors through diffusion are expected to be favoured. One such mechanism may be the production of Fap fibrils, needle-like fibres on the cell surface observed in P.aeruginosa, which can transiently bind several secreted metabolites produced by cells. We test whether Fap fibrils help retain a secreted factor, the iron-scavenging molecule pyoverdine, and hence reduce the potential for exploitation by non-producing, cheating cells. We found that: (1) wildtype cells retain more iron-chelating metabolites than fibril non-producers; (2) purified Fap fibrils can prevent the loss of the iron-chelators PQS (Pseudomonas quinolone signal) and pyoverdine; and (3) pyoverdine non-producers have higher fitness in competition with fibril non-producers than with wildtype cells. Our results suggest that by limiting the loss of a costly public good, Fap fibrils may play an important role in stabilizing cooperative production of secreted factors.
Data from: Co-evolutionary dynamics between public good producers and cheats in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The production of beneficial public goods is common in the microbial world, and so is cheating – the exploitation of public goods by non-producing mutants. Here, we examine co-evolutionary dynamics between cooperators and cheats and ask whether cooperators can evolve strategies to reduce the burden of exploitation, and whether cheats in turn can improve their exploitation abilities. We evolved cooperators of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, producing the shareable iron-scavenging siderophore pyoverdine, together with cheats, defective in pyoverdine production but proficient in uptake. We found that cooperators managed to co-exist with cheats in 56% of all replicates over approximately 150 generations of experimental evolution. Growth and competition assays revealed that co-existence was fostered by a combination of general adaptions to the media and specific adaptions to the co-evolving opponent. Phenotypic screening and whole-genome re-sequencing of evolved clones confirmed this pattern, and suggest that cooperators became less exploitable by cheats because they significantly reduced their pyoverdine investment. Cheats, meanwhile, improved exploitation efficiency through mutations blocking the costly pyoverdine-signalling pathway. Moreover, cooperators and cheats evolved reduced motility, a pattern that likely represents adaptation to laboratory conditions, but at the same time also affects social interactions by reducing strain mixing and pyoverdine sharing. Overall, we observed parallel evolution, where co-existence of cooperators and cheats was enabled by a combination of adaptations to the abiotic and social environment and their interactions.
Data from: Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games
Economic games such as the public goods game are increasingly being used to measure social behaviours in humans and non-human primates. The results of such games have been used to argue that people are pro-social, and that humans are uniquely altruistic, willingly sacrificing their own welfare in order to benefit others. However, an alternative explanation for the empirical observations is that individuals are mistaken, but learn, during the game, how to improve their personal payoff. We test between these competing hypotheses, by comparing the explanatory power of different behavioural rules, in public goods games, where individuals are given different amounts of information. We find: (i) that individual behaviour is best explained by a learning rule that is trying to maximize personal income; (ii) that conditional cooperation disappears when the consequences of cooperation are made clearer; and (iii) that social preferences, if they exist, are more anti-social than pro-social.
Data from: Co-evolutionary dynamics between public good producers and cheats in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Data from: Interaction effects of cell diffusion, cell density and public goods properties on the evolution of cooperation in digital microbes
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Data from: Evolutionary dynamics of interlinked public goods traits: an experimental study of siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Data from: Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games
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Data from: Evolution of conditional cooperation in public good games
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Data from: The physical boundaries of public goods cooperation between surface-attached bacterial cells
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Data from: Resource and competitive dynamics shape the benefits of public goods cooperation in a plant pathogen
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Data from: Group-size diversity in public goods games
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Data from: Conditional cooperation and confusion in public-goods experiments
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