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199 results for “quantities”
Food quantity and the intensity of the alarm signal combine to modulate the resource selection in a termite species
<p>Maximizing food intake while minimizing risk is an important trade-off in the foraging behavior of most animals. In general, foragers are vulnerable and the ability to trade off benefits (food quantity) against costs (risk of being killed) may provide a considerable ecological advantage. Despite the increasing number of studies, the effects of food quantity and mortality risk signals on resource selection in eusocial insect is not well understood. Here, we investigated the combination of distinct levels of food quantity and the intensity of alarm signal on resource selection of a Neotropical termite, <em>Nasutitermes</em> <em>corniger</em> (Motschulsky) (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae). Manipulative bioassays with binary and multiple choices were conducted over time to check the recruitment of termite groups among resources containing different levels of food quantity and alarm signals. Overall, our results showed that regardless of food quantity, termites avoid a food source if there is even a small amount of alarm signal. This work contributes to a better understanding of habitat use by termite species. Furthermore, it shows for the first time the combined effects of food quantity and alarm signals on the resource selection of an important ecological and economic termite species. </p>
Spontaneous quantity discrimination in Sleepy lizards
<p><span class="node-description overflow editable editable-pre-wrapped editable-click">In this study, we tested 8 Sleepy-lizards (<em>Tiliqua rugosa asper</em>) on their ability to spontaneously choose the larger of two quantities based on continuous or discrete information. We recorded the lizards' identity, weight (g) and snout-vent length (mm). As we tested lizards in two batches (groups), we also recorded if they belonged to group A or B. In regards to the experiment, we recorded session (day), trial (1-12), stage (preference test or quantity discrimination), date of the test day and start time of the first trial, the test (continuous or discrete) and the comparison. We measured lizards' choice behaviour by recording the choice of the quantity as well as a binary version that represented the choice of the larger quantity as 1 and the smaller choice as 0. Finally, we also quantified the time it took lizards to make a choice from trial videos in seconds (latency). NA values indicate either no data or no choice. We analysed the choice behaviour using the binary choice data and also the latency to understand if lizards were able to discriminate quantities and if they showed a speed-accuracy trade-off. We provide trial-by-trial raw data in a horizontal format. How to transpose the data set into a vertical format and details regarding further calculations and statistical analyses can be found on OSF, doi: <span class="scripted"><span>10.17605/OSF.IO/PR46D</span></span></span></p>
Data from: Quantity discrimination, decision-making, and the role of early-life conditions in a lizard
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Data from: Resource quantity affects infection success and impacts of a microsporidian on hosts
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Food quantity and the intensity of the alarm signal combine to modulate the resource selection in a termite species
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Spontaneous quantity discrimination in Sleepy lizards
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Quantity discrimination in a lizard
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Resource quantity and quality differentially control stream invertebrate biodiversity across spatial scales
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Data and R code from: Resource quantity and quality co-limit consumer production in forest streams
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Data from: Quality versus quantity: Response of riparian bird communities to aquatic insect emergence in agro-ecosystems
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Data from: Predictive links between petal color and pigment quantities in natural Penstemon hybrids
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Quality-quantity tradeoffs drive functional trait evolution in a model microalgal "climate change winner"
<p>Phytoplankton are the unicellular photosynthetic microbes that form the base of aquatic ecosystems, and their responses to global change will impact everything from food web dynamics to global nutrient cycles. Some taxa respond to environmental change by increasing population growth rates in the short-term, and are projected to increase in frequency over decades. To gain insight into how these projected "climate change winners" evolve, we grew populations of microalgae in ameliorated environments for several hundred generations. Most populations evolved to allocate a smaller proportion of carbon to growth while increasing their ability to tolerate and metabolise reactive oxygen species (ROS). This tradeoff drives the evolution of traits that underlie the ecological and biogeochemical roles of phytoplankton. This offers evolutionary and a metabolic frameworks for understanding trait evolution in projected "climate change winners", and suggests that short-term population booms have the potential to be dampened or reversed when environmental amelioration persists.</p>
Data from: Canine sense of quantity: evidence for numerical ratio-dependent activation in parietotemporal cortex
<p></p><p>The approximate number system (ANS), which supports the rapid estimation of quantity, emerges early in human development and is widespread across species. Neural evidence from both human and non-human primates suggests the parietal cortex as a primary locus of numerical estimation, but it is unclear whether the numerical competencies observed across non-primate species are subserved by similar neural mechanisms. Moreover, because studies with non-human animals typically involve extensive training, little is known about the spontaneous numerical capacities of non-human animals. To address these questions, we examined the neural underpinnings of number perception using awake canine functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dogs passively viewed dot arrays that varied in ratio and, critically, received no task-relevant training or exposure prior to testing. We found evidence of ratio-dependent activation, which is a key feature of the ANS, in canine parietotemporal cortex in the majority of dogs tested. This finding is suggestive of a neural mechanism for quantity perception that has been conserved across mammalian evolution.</p><p></p>
Do maternal allocations towards offspring quality and quantity ameliorate the effects of predators on offspring survival?
<p>Reproductive allocation is often balanced between the quantity and quality of offspring. Ecological stresses, like exposure to predators, can cause organisms to shift their allocations along this continuum. While the consequences of such plastic shifts for offspring performance are often untested, they are critical to understanding the potential long-term benefits of manipulating predation risk as an agricultural pest management technique. Predation risk induces reductions in egg production and increases in nutritional condition due to maternal provisioning in Colorado potato beetles (<em>Leptinotarsa decemlineata, </em>CPB). Here we tested whether reductions in density or increases in offspring condition, which may increase per-capita larval survival, can compensate for the reduction in total egg production, especially when offspring are exposed to predators. In two field trials, we manipulated the density and condition of larval CPB and measured survival through development to adulthood in field cages with and without predaceous stink bugs (<em>Podisus maculiventris</em>). As expected, cages with the higher initial larval densities had more larvae and adults surviving in the treatments without predators –about 30-50% survival across densities. When predators were present this relationship did not hold because of density-dependent predation. Larval condition interacted with density and impacted larval survival in both trials albeit in different ways. In Trial 1, unprovisioned beetles had higher survival at the higher densities, in Trial 2 provisioned beetles had higher survival across densities.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications:</em> Overall, our test of the effects of predation risk via manipulations of larval density and condition revealed few net compensatory benefits to the prey of reduced density and higher condition. Benefits to the prey of shifts in allocation from the quantity to quality of offspring may depend on factors that influence the strength of density dependence, including predation intensity. Our results suggest a new strategy of taking advantage of the reductions in prey density due to the non-consumptive effects of predators as a pest management approach to protect plants.</p>
Total dataset of Estimating moss harvest quantity and biomass
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Volatile social environments can favour investments in quality over quantity of social relationships
<p>Cooperation does not occur in a vacuum: interactions develop over time in social groups that undergo demographic changes. Intuition suggests that stable social environments favour developing few but strong reciprocal relationships (a 'focused' strategy), while volatile social environments favour the opposite: more but weaker social relationships (a 'diversifying' strategy). We model reciprocal investments under a quality-quantity tradeoff for social relationships. We find that volatility, counterintuitively, can favour a focused strategy. This result becomes explicable through applying the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy, originally developed for senescence, to social life. Diversifying strategies show superior performance later in life, but with costs paid at young ages while the social network is slowly being built. Under volatile environments, many individuals die before reaching sufficiently old ages to reap the benefits. Social strategies that do well early in life are then favoured: a focused strategy leads individuals to form their first few social bonds quickly and to make strong use of existing bonds. Our model highlights the importance of pleiotropy and population age structure for the evolution of cooperative strategies and other social traits, and shows that it is not sufficient to reflect on the fate of survivors only, when evaluating the benefits of social strategies.</p>
Bottom-up effects of plant quantity and quality on arthropod diversity across multiple trophic levels in a semi-arid grassland
<p><span>1. </span><span>Plant quantity and quality can independently affect the diversity of the entire arthropod communities and multiple arthropod taxa in grassland ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how these effects on arthropod taxa at one trophic level propagate through food web to influence the diversity of higher trophic levels.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We performed a monoculture experiment with 15 herbaceous species in the Inner Mongolian grassland to investigate how natural variations in plant productivity and host leaf traits affect herbivore taxon richness, which in turn affects predator taxon richness.</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>For herbivores, plant productivity indirectly promoted herbivore taxon richness by increasing herbivore biomass, which was attributed to the increases in the richness of dominant sucking herbivores and endophytes</span> <span>with high food requirements. However, the high plant quality indicator (e.g. high leaf protein, phosphorus and water contents, and high leaf protein to carbohydrate ratio) directly increased, whereas the low plant quality indicator (e.g. high leaf lignin content) directly decreased herbivore taxon richness. Taxon richness of chewing and sucking herbivores with specific feeding modes (tearing or sucking mouthparts) showed strong positive responses to increas</span><span>ing</span><span> plant quality.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>For predators, herbivore taxon richness, rather than herbivore biomass, mainly mediated the positive effects of plant productivity and the high plant quality indicator, but the negative effect of the low plant quality indicator, on predator taxon richness. At the feeding guild level, the taxon richness of parasitoids, other predators and spiders exhibited positive responses to different herbivores, which was attributed to their different diet preferences. Predator diversity could be promoted by prey partitioning among predator guilds facilitating species coexistence. At the family level, the taxon richness of most predator families was positively correlated with that of more than one herbivore family, suggesting that high predator diversity may </span><span>be caused by balanced diets owing to high prey diversity.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis</span><span>.</span><span> Natural variations in plant quantity and quality can substantially affect the diversity of herbivores and cascade up the food web to affect predators. Specificity and mechanisms of feeding have a large impact on the responses of arthropod guilds at each trophic level.</span></p>
Data from: Data for habitat quality or quantity? Niche marginality across 21 plants and animals suggests differential responses between highland and lowland species to past climatic changes
<p>Climatic changes can affect species distributions, population abundance, and evolution. Such organismal responses could be determined by the amount and quality of available habitats, which can vary independently. In this study, we assessed changes in habitat quantity and quality independently to generate explicit predictions of the species' responses to climatic changes between Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and present day. We built ecological niche models and distribution models for 21 reptile, mammal, and plant taxa from the Baja California peninsula inhabiting lowland or highland environments. Geological data suggests the CCSM global circulation model is a better representation of LGM climate for the Baja California peninsula. Significant niche divergence was detected for all clades within species, along with significant differences in the niche breadth and area of distribution between northern and southern clades. Most clades showed a reduction in distribution area towards LGM. Further, niche marginality (used as a measure of habitat quality) was higher during LGM for most clades, except for northern highland species. Our results suggest that changes in habitat quantity and quality can affect organismal response independently. This allows the prediction of genomic signatures associated with changes in effective population size and selection pressure that could be explicitly tested to support our models.</p>
Data from: Environmental DNA particle size distribution and quantity differ across taxa and organelles
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Light quantity controls locomotion in photosymbiotic Aiptasia
<p>Many cnidarians engage in endosymbiotic relationships with photosynthetic microalgae in the family Symbiodiniaceae. This symbiosis is deeply integrated into the physiology of the host. Although positive phototaxis and phototropism have been reported for symbiotic cnidarians, it is currently unknown whether light quantity influences phototactic behavior. Here we tested behavior of aposymbiotic (without Symbiodiniaceae) and symbiotic (with Symbiodiniaceae) Aiptasia in a light gradient to assess presence and effect of phototactic behavior. </p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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