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FIG. 4 in Porcupines in ancient Egypt? A prickly problem re-assessed

FIG. 4. — Knife handles: A, Berlin Egyptian Museum (ÄM 15 137); B, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (UC 16 294); C, Brooklyn Museum (inv. 09.889.118). Credits: Mary Hartley, re-drawn from a photograph of ÄM 15 137 supplied by the Berlin Egyptian Museum and reproduced with permission (A); traced from a photograph of UC 16294 supplied by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and reproduced with permission (B); re-drawn from Churcher 1984: fig. 34 (C).

FIG. 3 in Porcupines in ancient Egypt? A prickly problem re-assessed

FIG. 3. — Serrated blade. Cairo Museum (CG 14 706 = JE 32 170). Credit: Mary Hartley, re-drawn from Quibell 1900: pl. 16, fig. 2.

FIG. 2. — Wall scenes. A in Porcupines in ancient Egypt? A prickly problem re-assessed

FIG. 2. — Wall scenes. A, Relief fragment, tomb of Pehenuka, Saqqara. Berlin Museum (ÄM 1132). Credit: Mary Hartley, drawn from a photograph by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg) (CC BY-SA 4.0): https://urlz.fr/romy, last consultation on 15 July 2024; B, wall scene, Amun temple of Hibis. Credit: Mary Hartley, re-drawn from Lippert 2012: fig. 1.

FIG. 6 in Porcupines in ancient Egypt? A prickly problem re-assessed

FIG. 6. —Palette.Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures Museum, Chicago (inv. OIM E11470).Credit: Mary Hartley,re-drawn fromHendrickx et al. 2016: fig. 8 (upper).

FIG. 1 in Porcupines in ancient Egypt? A prickly problem re-assessed

FIG. 1. — North African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758). Note the raised nuchal crest and paddle-shaped tail. Photo credit:iStock.com, wrangel.

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FIG. 3 in Re-assessment of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758, in Ireland

FIG. 3. — Searching for the medicinal leech at Blarney Lough, the last known home for this species in Ireland. The traditional technique by which this bloodsucking species attaches to a wader's legs is much recommended over the more frequently used shoreline netting. The concentric motion waves direct this swimming species to its potential host. An additional technique for finding the medicinal leech is to look for them amongst spawning frogs in the spring (Maitland 2011: 3).

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FIG. 1 in Re-assessment of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758, in Ireland

FIG. 1. — As early as 1827 the French hirudinologist Alfred Moquin-Tandon illustrated several nominal species of medicinal leech from western Europe (Moquin-Tandon 1827: 114-118). A, Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758, from northern Europe; B, Hirudo troctina Johnson, 1816, from pharmacies in Montpellier.These species distinctions have been corroborated recently, both genetically and geographically (Utevsky et al. 2010; Trontelj & Utevsky 2012). Which species is indigenous to Ireland is discussed in the text. Scale bar: 1.0 cm.

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FIG. 2 in Re-assessment of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758, in Ireland

FIG. 2. — Distribution of historic records of the medicinal leech in Ireland in relation to the nearest extant population in Wales: 1, Blarney Lough, County Cork; 2, Mallow, County Cork; 3, County Kilkenny; 4, County Dublin; 5, Lough Mask, Counties Galway and Mayo; 6, Marloes Mere, Pembrokeshire, Wales.

FIG. 16 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 16. — Bivariate plot of upper and lower third molars of suids from Montpellier (white M) and other Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene localities in Europe. The sloping black line separates the upper molars from the lower ones. There are four size groups of suids at Montpellier corresponding in dimensions to Dasychoerus arvernensis for the smallest group, Dasychoerus sp. from Kvabebi for an intermediate sized group, "Sus" provincialis for a slightly larger medium sized group, and Dasychoerus strozzii for the largest one. Abbreviations: A, Val d'Arno; B, Brisighella; C, Corton; D, Dermenji; E, East Runton; F, Villafranca d'Asti; G, Kvabebi; H, Hajnacka; I, Vozarci; K, Khapry; L, Nikolskoe; M, Montpellier; N, Maramena; O, Olivola; P, Perpignan; Q, Bra; R, Red Crag (large specimens possibly belonging to Hippopotamodon major); S, Varghis; T, Çalta; U, Piedrabuena; V, Venta del Moro; W, GÖdÖllÖ; X, Kalnitsa; Y, Alcoy; Z, Musaitu; §, Auvergne; +, Red Crag (small specimens); =, Trévoux; ⁕ – lectotype of Dasychoerus arvernensis, �, lectotype of "Sus" provincialis). Measurements are from Berdondini (1992), Depéret (1885), Gallai & Rook (2011), Geraads et al. (2008), Guérin (pers. comm.), Hellmund (1995), Hünermann (1971), Lydekker (1885), Mazo & Torres (1990), Morales (1984), Mottl (1939), Samson et al. (1971), Titov (2000), Vekua (1972). Measurements of the teeth of Dasychoerus strozzii were kindly supplied by J. Van der Made.

FIG. 15 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 15. — Lower molars of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 (A, B) and Dasychoerus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) (C) from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 070, right m/2-m/3 in lingual (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and buccal (A3) views; B, FSL 40 155, left m/3 in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views; C, FSL 40 154, right m/3 in lingual (C1), stereo occlusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 14 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 14. — Mandibles of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 (A, B) and Dasychoerus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) (C) from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 072, left mandible fragment containing m/2-m/3 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, FSL 40 061, left mandible fragment containing m/1-m/3 in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views; C, FSL 40 151, right mandible fragment containing m/1-m/3 in lingual (C1), stereo oclusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 12 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 12. — Mandibles of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 881, left mandible containing p/4-m/3 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, FSL 40 884, left mandible containing p/2-m/3 in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 13 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 13. — Mandibles of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 171, right mandible containing p/3-m/2 in lingual (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and buccal (A3) views; B, FSL 40 072, right mandible containing p/1-p/4, m/1-m/3 in lingual (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and buccal (B3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 11 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 11. — Isolated teeth of Dasychoerus sp. from Kvabebi (A) and "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 (B-F) from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 152, right M3/ in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, FSL 40 882, female upper canine, buccal view; C, FSL 40 156, right M1/, occlusal view; D, FSL 40 160, right i/2, mesial view; E, FSL 40 159, left I1/, mesial view; F, FSL WO 417, right I1/, labial view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 9 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 9. — Suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, B, "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847; A, MNHN.F.MON17, right p/4 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, MNHN.F.MON15, left mandible containing m/2-m/3, in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views; C, Dasychoerus strozzii (Meneghini, 1862), MNHN.F.MON14, left M3/ in lingual (C1), stereo occlusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 10 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 10. — "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins of Montpellier housed at the University of Montpellier II: A, SM 394, left D4 in mesial (A1), buccal (A2), stereo occlusal (A3), lingual (A4) and distal (A5) views; B, SM 461, right M2/ in lingual (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and buccal (B3) views; C, lectotype SM 460, right M3/ in stereo occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views; D, SM 392, right mandible with p/3-m/2 in lingual (D1), stereo occlusal (D2) and buccal (D3) views; E, SM 393, right m/3 in buccal (E1), stereo occlusal (E2) and lingual (E3) views; F, SM 395, left mandible with p/2-p/4 in buccal (F1), stereo occlusal (F2) and buccal (F3) views; G, SM 462, left m/2 in buccal (G1) and stereo occlusal (G2) views. Scale bars: 10 mm, A is double the dimensions of the others).

FIG. 8 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 8. — Left mandible of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins de Montpellier, MNHN.F.MON16: A, buccal view; B, stereo occlusal view; C, lingual view; D, enlarged stereo occlusal view of the cheek teeth; E, oblique anterior view to show verrucosic section of canine alveolus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 7. — FSL 40 073 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 7. — FSL 40 073, snout of Dasychoerus strozzii (Meneghini, 1862) from the Sables marins de Montpellier:A, anterior view; B, stereo occlusal view; C, dorsal view; D, right lateral view; E, left lateral view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 6 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 6. — Bivariate plots of upper and lower cheek teeth of suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier, France. Abbreviations: a, Dasychoerus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828); k, Dasychoerus sp. from Kvabebi; s, Dasychoerus strozzii (Meneghini, 1862); ○, "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847, lower teeth; ●, "Sus" provincialis, upper teeth; à, lectotype right M3/ of "Sus" provincialis.

FIG. 3 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 3. — Casts of some of the specimens attributed to Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847 by Gervais (1850) housed at the MNHN: A, corresponds to his plate 22, fig. 8 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, corresponds to his plate 3, fig. 3 in lingual (B1), occlusal (B2) and buccal (B3) views; C, corresponds to his plate 3, fig. 6 in lingual (C1), stereo occlusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. B is here attributed to Dasychoerus strozzii (Meneghini, 1862). Scale bar: 10 mm.