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Fig. 15 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 15. Dendrogram of Onchocerca from this study, various other Onchocerca sequences and Litomosoides sigmodontis as an outgroup based on a dataset of 579 positions of the mitochondrial cox1 gene, estimated by using the Maximum Likelihood method and TN93 + G + I substitution model (Tamura and Nei, 1993). The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 2902.13) is shown. Bootstrap values over 50 are shown next to the branches. Sequences newly generated in this study are in bold.

Fig. 14 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 14. Dendrogram of Onchocerca from this study, additional Onchocerca species and Setaria labiatopapillosa, Oswaldofilaria chabaudi and Icosiella neglecta as outgroups based on a dataset of 935 positions of the concatenated mitochondrial cox1 and 12S rDNA gene, estimated by using the Maximum Likelihood method and GTR + G + I substitution model (Nei and Kumar, 2000). The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 4758.48) is shown. Bootstrap values over 50 are shown next to the branches. Sequences newly generated in this study are in bold.

Fig. 10 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 10. Onchocerca skrjabini: A. Head end of male, with undifferentiated oesophagus. B, C. Distribution of papillae on male tail of two different individuals. D. Lateral view of male tail with spicules in situ. E. Longer left and smaller right spicule. Right spicule in two views to show ventral groove in distal part: on right hand side in lateral view, on left hand side in ventral view, showing dorsolateral knob on tip. F. Female head end, with differentiated oesophagus, vulva in distal forth of oesophagus. G. Longitudinal section in small anterior part of female, showing unpaired part of uterus filling out anterior body with relatively large microfilaria in it. Cuticular ridges over striae in ratio 1: 4. H. Tail end of female, with two phasmids spaced apart. Fine cuticular transversal annulation is indicated. I. Tail end of a second female, lateral view (in smaller scale). Note slight club shape of both. J. Microfilaria (intrauterine) with fine striation hinted at the neck, subapical oval marking with ridges.

Fig. 7 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 7. Onchocerca flexuosa: Heteromorphous cuticle of female: A. Onchocerca-similar cuticle in two layers, with fine striae in medulla, but lacking ridges on surface. B. Medullar waves without cuticular ridges. C. Entire cuticle forming transversal rings. D. Cuticle with repeated pattern of one bigger, followed by two smaller transversal rings.

Fig. 8 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 8. Onchocerca flexuosa: Relation between vast internal space in body and thin intestine (i) and unpaired uterus forming loops (u).

Fig. 6. A in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 6. A. Onchocerca flexuosa female: Typical curly body freed from nodule tissue by digestion. B. In comparison a female of O. jakutensis after the same digestive treatment.

Fig. 3 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 3. Onchocerca flexuosa: A. Head end of male. B. Spicules in situ with thorn like hook of right spicule protruded and tip of left spicule at proximal entrance of ventral groove of right spicule. C. Tail of male showing alae and distribution of papillae. D. Head end of female showing vulva with unpaired uterus, oesophagus-intestinal junction depicted and marked with dots at posterior end. Note loose course of uterus with loop. E. Head end of female with oesophagus and expansion of ovejector before vulva. F. Round tail end of female with spiky phasmid at base of flaps. G. Longitudinal section in posterior half of female body showing peculiar repetition of one bigger transversal cuticular ring (marked with dot at left), followed by two smaller rings. H, I. Microfilaria, in I in same scale as microfilaria in Fig. 10J as comparison.

Fig. 5 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 5. Onchocerca flexuosa: Protruding right spicule showing massive hook (H) at dorsal side and groove (G) at ventral side, serving as a gubernaculum to fine tip of left spicule. L: tip of left spicule; R: right spicule.

Fig. 2 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 2. Worm burden in situ of sternal skin in the process of digestion. Most of these worm fragments could be identified as Onchocerca skrjabini, no O. garmsi was found.

Fig. 1 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 1. Onchocerca skrjabini in situ in carpal skin. A. Freshly cut piece of skin shown from inside (note turned around piece of fur on top). Added methylene blue stains the O. skrjabini specimens and makes them visible for the naked eye. B. Parasitic burden in the same piece of skin in process of digestion. Hair follicles seen as dark dots. Fragments of O. skrjabini show different body width. Note very thin anterior headends (arrows). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 12 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 12. Onchocerca skrjabini: two microfilariae protrude from broken frontal part of a female, showing very tight setting in small anterior body part in this species. Note subapical oval mark with protruding rim on head of microfilaria.

Fig. 11 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 11. Different body width of one specimen of Onchocerca skrjabini in comparison. Midbody at left, tapering part in the middle, thin anterior body at right. Note Onchocerca typical structure of cuticle with ridges on the surface and striae in medulla in ratio 1: 4.

Fig. 13 in Morphological description and multilocus genotyping of Onchocerca spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Switzerland

Fig. 13. Onchocerca skrjabini female: cuticular ridges do not meet over the lateral line, they taper and disappear distant from each other.

Fig. 4 in Estimating parasite-condition relationships and potential health effects for fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Denmark

Fig. 4. Body condition scores (BCS) of fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) individuals in relation to the sum of endoparasite taxa detected. Black solid lines show the mean predicted relation for each deer species and grey areas are the 95% confidence intervals. Colours and shapes of points indicate the classification of individuals into groups (two for fallow deer and four for red deer) based on their (dis)similarity in total endoparasite load (Pload) and BCS as determined by k-means cluster analyses (see text for details). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Estimating parasite-condition relationships and potential health effects for fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Denmark

Fig. 1. Map of Denmark and its location within Europe (see red square in inset) showing the distribution of the four study sites (Dyrehaven – pink square; Gyldensteen strand – green circle, Høstemark – blue triangle; Tofte – purple diamond) where fallow deer (Dama dama; n = 20) and/or red deer (Cervus elaphus; n = 21) were sampled. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Estimating parasite-condition relationships and potential health effects for fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Denmark

Fig. 2. Barplots showing the sum of endoparasite taxa detected in each individual fallow deer (Dama dama; n = 20) and red deer (Cervus elaphus; n = 21) sampled across four areas in Denmark. Note that individuals were also screened for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and two species of liver flukes (Table 1), but none were detected and thus are not placed here. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Estimating parasite-condition relationships and potential health effects for fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Denmark

Fig. 3. Body condition scores (BCS) of individual a) fallow deer (Dama dama) and b) red deer (Cervus elaphus) in relation to the absence (0) and presence (1) of 11 endoparasite taxa. Panels outlined in red indicate a significantly (p <0.05) lower BCS with presence of that endoparasite taxon, while panels outlined in green indicate a trend (p <0.1) for higher BCS with presence of that endoparasite taxon. Size of presence data points is scaled relative to the number of larvae, eggs or (oo) cyst excreted per gram faeces except for Babesia divergens and Toxoplasma gondii, which were either present (1) or absent (0). Note that all individuals were also screened for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and two species of liver flukes (Table 1), but none were detected and thus not plotted here. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Estimating parasite-condition relationships and potential health effects for fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Denmark

Fig. 5. Differences in serum chemistry between groups of individuals with varying body condition scores (BCS) and endoparasite load (Pload) for fallow deer (Dama dama; a,b,c) and red deer (Cervus elaphus; d,e,f). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Text-fig. 15. Photo of a red deer (Cervus elaphus) lower molar m2 root cut. The approximate age of individual is 8 years (No 8 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková. in The Mammalian Fauna Of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 15. Photo of a red deer (Cervus elaphus) lower molar m2 root cut. The approximate age of individual is 8 years (No 8 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková.