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FIGURE 13 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 13. Lithothamnion sp. I. Specimen LAF1437A. A. Thallus habit showing unbranched protuberances. Scale bar 5 mm. Inset: longitudinal section of protuberance with multiple overgrown conceptacles (white arrows). Scale bar.7 mm. B. Longitudinal section and partial surface view of same protuberance shown in Fig. 13A., inset, showing overgrown conceptacles with spherical mass of aragonite (circle arrow) and aragonite in the form of needles (arrow). White and black arrow indicates location shown in G. Scale bar 500 μm. C. Same protuberance shown in Fig. 13A (inset), and Fig. 13B, showing uniporate conceptacles with aragonite infill (black arrow) and longitudinal section of conceptacle pore (white circle arrow). Scale bar 400 μm. D. Magnified view of area indicated by white arrow in Fig. 13C showing secondary hypothallium (upper right bracket) and perithallium (left bracket) growing over the conceptacle roof (lower right bracket). Scale bar 70 μm. E. Perithallium with cell fusions ("F"). Scale bar 35 μm. F. Meristematic cells ("M") shorter than perithallial derivatives (bracket) with cell fusions ("F"), and epithallial cells with trapezoidal shaped lumens, one showing an intact epithallial cell roof (circle arrow). Scale bar 17.5 μm. G. Curved fracture region of longitudinal section and surface view of portion of thallus indicated in 13B. showing perithallium (arc) with cell fusion ("F"), meristematic cells ("M") and epithallial cells lacking intact roofs showing trapezoidal shaped cell lumens and other epithallial cells showing intact roofs (circle arrows). Scale bar 20 μm. H. Magnified view of epithallial cell (upper cell, star indicates cell lumen) with intact roof (circle arrow) and partial view of meristematic cell ("M") showing ultrastructure of calcified cell walls. Arrows indicate the four corners of the epithallial cell; white arrows indicate boundaries of adjacent filament cell walls, black arrows with white fill indicate boundary between epithallial cell wall and meristematic cell wall. Scale bar 5 μm.

FIGURE 12 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 12. Lithothamnion sp. I. Specimen LAF6521. A. Thallus habit showing irregularly arranged protuberances. Scale bar 150 mm. B. Longitudinal section and partial surface view of protuberance showing putative undeveloped conceptacle (circle arrow) and new vegetative growth layer (arrow). Scale bar 450 μm. C. Longitudinal section and partial surface view of protuberance showing magnified view of new growth layer with secondary hypothallium (middle right bracket), perithallium (upper right bracket), and epithallium (left bracket) growing above older growth layer (lower right bracket). Scale bar 240 μm. D. Transverse section of protuberance showing radial construction and location of new growth layer over older part of thallus (arrow). Scale bar 400 μm. E. Magnified view of new growth layer (upper bracket) emerging out of perithallium (arrow) of older growth layer (lower bracket). Scale bar 195 μm. F. Perithallium (bracket) with abundant cell fusions in the x-axis ("black F") and z-axis (white "F"), meristematic cells ("M"), and epithallial cells with trapezoidalshaped cell lumens (arrows) and intact roofs (circle arrows). Scale bar 24 μm.

FIGURE 11 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 11. Lithothamnion sp. H. Specimen LAF6970C. A. Thallus habit showing unbranched protuberances. Scale bar 5 mm. B. Longitudinal section and partial surface view of protuberance showing overgrown conceptacles (arrows). Scale bar 290 μm. C. Magnified view of area indicated by white arrow in B. showing secondary hypothallium growing over an empty conceptacle (white arrow). Scale bar 110 μm. D. Perithallium with multiple fusions ("F"). Scale bar 17 μm. E. Section and surface view of thallus showing epithallium (upper brackets), perithallium (lower left bracket) and meristem (arrow, "M", *). Scale bar 24 μm. F. Magnified view of same location shown in E. showing meristematic cells ("M"), putative recently divided meristematic cells (*) and section and surface views of epithallial cells (brackets) showing a polygonal outline in surface view, thick cell walls, small round lumens (arrows, "L"), epithallial cell roofs (circle arrows) with one showing primary pit connection ("P"). Scale bar 12 μm.

FIGURE 10 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 10. Lithothamnion sp. G. Specimen LAF6548. A. Longitudinal section through protuberance showing multiple overgrown conceptacles (arrows) and location of secondary hypothallium (star). Scale bar 250 μm. Inset: Thallus habit with unbranched protuberances. Scale bar 5 mm. B. Magnified view of location indicated by the star in Fig. 10A showing secondary hypothallium (arrow) growing over the conceptacle roof. Scale bar 43 μm. C. Perithallium showing multiple fusions (F). Scale bar 30 μm. D. Section and surface view showing epithallial cells (arrows) with polygonal outline and trapezoidal shaped lumen. Circle arrow indicates epithallial cell with intact roof. Scale bar 13 μm.

FIGURE 9 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 9. Lithothamnion sp. F. Specimen LAF6882. A. Thallus habit showing numerous protuberances. Scale bar 7 mm. B. Section of protuberance showing two overgrown conceptacles (arrows), one including numerous putative aragonite crystals (circle arrow). Scale bar 290 μm. C. New growth layer growing over older part (left bracket) of the thallus showing secondary hypothallium (lower right bracket) and upwardly branched tiers of perithallial filaments (upper right bracket). Circle arrow indicates location of developing protuberance. Scale bar 90 μm. D. Perithallium with cell fusions (arrows). Scale bar 20 μm. E. Section and surface view showing perithallium (lower bracket), epithallium (upper bracket) and meristematic cells (M). Scale bar 28 μm. F. Magnified view of epithallial cells lacking cell roofs (arrows) and others with roof intact (circle arrow). Scale bar 10.5 μm.

FIGURE 8 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 8. Lithothamnion sp. C. Specimen LAF6956B. A. Thallus habit showing occasionally branched (arrow) protuberances. Scale bar 11 mm. B. Longitudinal section of protuberance showing overgrown conceptacles with spherical masses of putative aragonite (arrows). Scale bar 270 μm. C. Transverse section of protuberance showing meristematic cells (arrow) smaller than their perithallial derivatives. Scale bar 55 μm. D. Longitudinal section and partial surface view of thallus showing meristematic cells ("M") and epithallial cells lacking roofs (brackets) and trapezoidal lumens (arrows). Note heavily calcified filaments, one cleaved from the neighboring filament in the z-axis (black arrow) showing polygonal outline. Scale bar 20 μm.

FIGURE 7 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 7. Lithothamnion sp. C. Specimen LAF6820. A. Thallus habit showing unbranched protuberances. Scale bar 12.5 mm. B. Longitudinal sections of protuberance showing numerous overgrown conceptacles, many with putative aragonite infill. Sections are two halves of the same protuberance and show mirroring images of the same structures. Scale bar.5 mm. C. Overgrown uniporate conceptacle, arrow indicates conceptacle pore. Scale bar 240 μm. D. Conceptacle with elongated perithallial cells (arrows) located at the periphery. Scale bar 105 μm. E. Magnified view of area indicated by arrows in D. showing multiple fusions ("F") and centripetal infill of small, calcium carbonate crystals in cells bordering the conceptacles (arrows). Scale bar 17.5 μm. F. Epithallium (upper bracket), perithallium, and meristematic cells ("M"). Arrows indicate epithallial cell lumens and circle arrows indicate epithallial cell roofs. Scale bar 17.5 μm.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 6. Lithothamnion sp. B. Specimen LAF6957B. A. Thallus habit (brackets) with some unbranched protuberances (arrows) growing on the top (left) and bottom (right) of an eroded bivalve shell. Scale bar 18 mm. B. Vertical fracture of thallus showing thallus margin. Scale bar 100 μm. C. Vertical fracture of thallus showing hypothallium (lower bracket) and perithallium (upper bracket). Scale bar 55 μm. D. Perithallium showing cell fusions in the x-axis (arrows) and z-axis (circle arrows). Scale bar 24 μm. E.–F. Vertical fracture showing meristematic cells ("M"), left epithallial cell in focus (E.) with lumen (arrow) and intact epithallial cell roof (circle arrow) and right epithallial cell in focus (F.) with trapezoidal shaped lumen (arrow) and collapsed cell roof (circle arrow). Scale bar 8 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 2. Phylogeny based on Bayesian analysis of COI. Node values indicate posterior probability (left) and bootstrap values for ML analyses out of 1,000 replicates (right), * indicates full support. Newly generated sequences shown in bold.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 5. Lithothamnion sp. A. Specimen LAF6549. A. Dissecting microscope view showing habit of conceptacles (arrows) on thallus surface. Scale bar 1 mm. Inset: Thallus habit growing on autogenic rhodolith. Scale bar 10 mm. B. Vertical fracture through thallus showing hypothallium (lower bracket) with rectangular shaped cells (arrows) and perithallium (upper bracket) with cell fusions (small arrows). Scale bar 95 μm. C. Surface view and section of thallus showing epithallial cells (arrows) and cell fusion (F). Scale bar 25 μm. D. Surface view of thallus showing raised multiporate conceptacles (arrows). Scale bar 375 μm. E. Surface view of conceptacle showing pores, each surrounded by rosette cells (arrow). Scale bar 140 μm. F. Magnified view of pore (P) with rosette cells (R) indicated by arrow in Fig. 5E. Also shown are pennate diatoms. Scale bar 20 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 1. Phylogeny based on Bayesian analysis of psbA. Node values indicate posterior probability (left) and bootstrap values for ML analyses out of 1,000 replicates (right), * indicates full support. Newly generated sequences shown in bold.

FIGURE 3 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 3. Phylogeny based on ML analysis of concatenated psbA, UPA, and COI sequences. Node values indicate bootstrap values out of 1,000 replicates.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 4. Distribution of raw pairwise distances (no. of base pair differences/alignment length) for each of the three markers analyzed in this study.

FIGURES 3–8. Specimen LAF 6956A, vegetative anatomy. FIG. 3. Thallus habit with numerous protuberances. Scale bar 9 in Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta): a new rhodolith-forming species from deepwater rhodolith beds in the Gulf of Mexico

FIGURES 3–8. Specimen LAF 6956A, vegetative anatomy. FIG. 3. Thallus habit with numerous protuberances. Scale bar 9 mm. FIG. 4. Surface view (upper bracket) and vertical fracture showing new vegetative layer (middle bracket) over older layer (lower bracket). Scale bar 176 μm. FIG. 5. Secondary hypothallium (upper bracket) over older vegetative layer (lower bracket). Scale bar 52 μm. FIG. 6. Perithallium showing cell fusions (arrows). Scale bar 34 μm. FIG. 7. Perithallium (lower bracket), epithallium (upper bracket) and intercalary meristem (arrow). Scale bar 24 μm. FIG. 8. Meristematic cells (M) and armored epithallial cells (arrows) with intact cell roofs (circle pointers). Scale bar 11 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta): a new rhodolith-forming species from deepwater rhodolith beds in the Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 2. Phylogeny based on ML analyses of psbA sequences. Branch numbers indicate bootstrap values out of 1,000 replicates. Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. shown in boldface. Stars indicate species that slough off their tetrasporangial sori after spore release.

FIGURES 18–23. Specimen LAF 6970B. FIG. 18. Thallus habit showing numerous protuberances. Scale bar 6 in Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta): a new rhodolith-forming species from deepwater rhodolith beds in the Gulf of Mexico

FIGURES 18–23. Specimen LAF 6970B. FIG. 18. Thallus habit showing numerous protuberances. Scale bar 6 mm. FIG. 19. Longitudinal section through protuberance showing perithallium with no overgrown tetrasporangial compartments. Scale bar 1.05 mm. FIG. 20. Epithallium (upper arrowhead), intercalary meristem (lower arrowhead) and perithallium (right bracket) showing cell fusions in the xaxis (arrows) and z-axis (circle pointers). Scale bar 4 μm. FIG. 21. Armored epithallial cells (arrows), one showing intact cell roof (circle pointer), and meristematic cells (M). Scale bar 14 μm. FIG. 22. Dissecting microscope view of thallus surface showing tetrasporangial sorus (arrow). Scale bar 1 mm. FIG. 23. Perithallium showing unidentified spherical inclusions (arrows), which may be unidentified life history stages of microalgal organisms. Scale bar 43 μm.

FIGURES 9–17. Specimen LAF 6956A, reproductive anatomy. FIG. 9 in Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta): a new rhodolith-forming species from deepwater rhodolith beds in the Gulf of Mexico

FIGURES 9–17. Specimen LAF 6956A, reproductive anatomy. FIG. 9. Dissecting microscope view of tetrasporangial sori (arrows). Scale bar 2 mm. FIGS. 10–11. Magnified views of sori. Scale bars 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm. FIG. 12. Surface view of tetrasporangial sorus undergoing sloughing off. Scale bar 400 μm. FIG. 13. Magnified view of sorus edge showing disintegrating pores (arrows) and rosette cells. Scale bar 110 μm. FIG. 14. Intact tetrasporangial pore (P) and rosette cells (R). Scale bar 24 μm. FIG. 15. Longitudinal section of protuberance showing tetrasporangial compartments at protuberance tip (arrow) and perithallium with no overgrown tetrasporangial compartments. Scale bar 400 μm. FIG. 16. Tetrasporangial compartments (arrows). Scale bar 70 μm. FIG. 17. Tetrasporangial stalk cell (arrow) and paraphyses surrounding tetrasporangial compartments with non-elongated cells at the base of the compartments (circle arrows). Scale bar 28.5 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta): a new rhodolith-forming species from deepwater rhodolith beds in the Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 1. Phylogeny based on ML analyses of rbcL sequences. Branch numbers indicate bootstrap values out of 1,000 replicates. Sporolithon sinusmexicanum sp. nov. shown in boldface. Stars indicate species that slough off their tetrasporangial sori after spore release.