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FIGURE 8 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 8. Comparative of head scales of Calyptommatus species from dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right). (A) C. sinebrachiatus (MTR39001); (B) C. confusionibus (MTR24343); (C) C. frontalis sp. nov. (MZUSP 106738); (D) C. leiolepis (MTR39096); (E) C. nicterus (ACG44). Scale bars correspond to 2 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 6. Habitat where Calyptommatus frontalis sp. nov. was collected, showing the typical deciduous caatinga vegetation over sandy soils present in the region during A) wet season and B) dry season.

FIGURE 9 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 9. Comparative of dorsal scales in Calyptommatus. (A) C. sinebrachiatus (MTR39001); (B) C. confusionibus (MTR24343); (C) C. frontalis sp. nov. (MZUSP 106753; MTR38962); (D) C. sp.2 (MTR18055); (E) C. leiolepis (MTR39096); (F) C. nicterus (ACG44). Scale bar corresponds to 2 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Paratype of Calyptommatus frontalis sp. nov. in life from Brejo do Poção, Buritirama, state of Bahia, northeast Brazil.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Details of body scalation of the holotype of Calyptommatus frontalis sp. nov. (MZUSP 106738, field number MTR 38950): A) dorsal view at midbody; B) ventral view at midbody; C) lateral view at midbody; D) precloacal region and hindlimbs. Scale bars correspond to 2 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Calyptommatus frontalis sp. nov., adult female holotype: Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of head (MZUSP 106738, field number MTR 38950).

FIGURE 2 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 2. Satellite image of the Xique-Xique dune field region showing the variation in frontal scales in Calyptommatus. Aerial image from Google Earth Pro 2021 DigitalGlobe Image Landsat/Copernicus.

FIGURE 1. A in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 1. A) Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree for Calyptommatus and outgroups based on the mtDNA data set (16S + cytb + nd4; 1,918 bp). Values on nodes refer to Bayesian posterior probabilities (pp); values above 0.95 are considered high

FIGURE S2 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE S2. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree for Calyptommatus and outgroups based on the five loci concatenated data set (16S + cytb + nd4 + c-mos + ntf3; 2,942 bp). Values on nodes refer to Bayesian posterior probabilities (pp); values above 0.95 are considered high statistical support for clades

FIGURE S1 in Morphological variation and genealogical discordance in Caatinga sand lizards Calyptommatus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with the description of a new species

FIGURE S1. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree for Calyptommatus and outgroups based on the nuDNA data set (c-mos + ntf3; 1,024 bp). Values on nodes refer to Bayesian posterior probabilities (pp); values above 0.95 are considered high statistical support for clades.

FIGURE 6 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 6. Life pictures of the two newly collected individuals of P. laticeps from Aussenkehr/Namibia: (A) adult female ZMB 82782, (B) adult male ZMB 82783.

FIGURE 5. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.82 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 5. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.82 (previously 65.5.4.39) of Eremias burchelli Duméril & Bibron, 1839: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 4 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 4a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.56 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.56 (previously 65.5.4.55) of Eremias laticeps Smith, 1845: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 46: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 3 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 3a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 2. Distribution of P. laticeps compiled from the museum collections of the Museum for Naturkunde Berlin, (Germany), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria), Ditsong National Museum of Natural History Pretoria, Port Elizabeth Museum, IZIKO South African Museum Cape Town (all South Africa), Natural History Museum London (Great Britain) and the National Museum of Namibia in Windhoek (black dots) including the new record from near Aussenkehr (star). Points are underlain with the altitude level (downloaded from www.worldclim.org) ascending from light grey (sea level) to dark grey (6000 m). The Namibian localities are numbered from 1 through 6 (1: Farm Tafelkop; 2: Farm Louwshoop 330; 3: Klein Karas; 4: Ortmansbaum; 5: Farm Lützelhöhe; 6: Warmbad), the? represents the doubtful record from Angra Pequena/Lüderitz. White spots represent the centre of quarter-degree grids as published by Bates et al. (2014).

FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.86 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.86 (previously IV.42.a) of Lacerta capensis Smith, 1838: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 2 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 7 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 7a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 1. Example of the counting method for enlarged scales arranged in rows (labials, collar, chin shields, ventral scales) using the upper and lower labials. All labials marked with a black dot were counted while the ones marked with X were not. This means that 9 upper labials and 6 lower labials were counted on this specimen.

FIGURE 7 in Phylogeography of the endangered sand dune whiptail lizard Glaucomastix abaetensis (Dias, Rocha & Vrcibradic, 2002) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Type locality situated in the "agreste" (dry forests) region, PARNASI, Areia Branca municipality, Sergipe State, Brazil.

FIGURE 6 in Phylogeography of the endangered sand dune whiptail lizard Glaucomastix abaetensis (Dias, Rocha & Vrcibradic, 2002) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 6. Glaucomastix itabaianensis sp. nov. (holotype; female; SVL = 60.0 mm; MZUSP 104255; PARNASI, Areia Branca municipality, Sergipe State, Brazil) in A) dorsal, B) ventral, and C) lateral view of head.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeography of the endangered sand dune whiptail lizard Glaucomastix abaetensis (Dias, Rocha & Vrcibradic, 2002) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Glaucomastix itabaianensis sp. nov. (holotype; female; SVL = 60.0 mm; MZUSP 104255; PARNASI, Areia Branca municipality, Sergipe State, Brazil) in dorsal view (color in preservative).

FIGURE 3 in Phylogeography of the endangered sand dune whiptail lizard Glaucomastix abaetensis (Dias, Rocha & Vrcibradic, 2002) with the description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Mismatch distribution, Fu's Fs, and Tajima's D neutrality tests, and the sums of squared deviations (SSD) for each major lineage. The expected frequency for mismatch distribution is based on a population growth-decline model determined using DnaSP 5.10.01 (Librado & Rozas 2009). The x axis shows the number of pairwise differences, the y axis shows the frequency of the pairwise comparisons. The observed frequency is represented by a continuous black line, whereas the dashed gray lines represent the expected frequency.