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49 results for “seed surface”
Text-fig. 6. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal (a, b, d, e: sample 141, c: sample 300); Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0563) through the median plane of the seed (holotype, S174178) showing the palisade-shaped cells of exotesta and collapsed inner parts of seed coat, raised exotestal tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. b) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0659) through the micropylar region perpendicular to the median plane showing the exotestal tissue surrounding the transverse micropyle slit (mi). c) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0500) through the median plane of the seed (S175095) showing raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and poorly preserved cells of the seed coat. d) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0810) through middle part of seed perpendicular to the median plane (S174178) showing seed coat and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. e) Tangential and longitudinal orthoslice (xz0162) through the seed coat of holotype (S174178) showing thickened, undulate cell walls of exotesta (ex) and the short, thin-walled cells of tegmen (te) with a finely striate wrinkled surface. Scale bars = 250 µm (a, c, d); 125 µm (b, e). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 6. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal (a, b, d, e: sample 141, c: sample 300); Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0563) through the median plane of the seed (holotype, S174178) showing the palisade-shaped cells of exotesta and collapsed inner parts of seed coat, raised exotestal tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. b) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0659) through the micropylar region perpendicular to the median plane showing the exotestal tissue surrounding the transverse micropyle slit (mi). c) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0500) through the median plane of the seed (S175095) showing raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and poorly preserved cells of the seed coat. d) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0810) through middle part of seed perpendicular to the median plane (S174178) showing seed coat and remains of cellular nutritive tissue. e) Tangential and longitudinal orthoslice (xz0162) through the seed coat of holotype (S174178) showing thickened, undulate cell walls of exotesta (ex) and the short, thin-walled cells of tegmen (te) with a finely striate wrinkled surface. Scale bars = 250 µm (a, c, d); 125 µm (b, e).
Text-fig. 7. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype; seed in lateral view showing seed shape; note that the seed is broken near the lower surface of the hilum (S174345). b) Oblique apical view of micropylar-hilar region of holotype showing slightly ruptured micropylar slit (mi) in the outer integument and two bulging and abraded areas (arrow heads) close to hilum. c) Seed in oblique lateral-raphal view showing the two bulging structures (arrow heads) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (S174472). d) Tangential, longitudinal cut (cut at yz0131) through the seed coat of seed in (7c) showing the undulate anticlinal cell walls of the exotesta cells that are thickest towards the outside and thinner towards the inside. Scale bars = 500 µm (a–c); 250 µm (d). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 7. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype; seed in lateral view showing seed shape; note that the seed is broken near the lower surface of the hilum (S174345). b) Oblique apical view of micropylar-hilar region of holotype showing slightly ruptured micropylar slit (mi) in the outer integument and two bulging and abraded areas (arrow heads) close to hilum. c) Seed in oblique lateral-raphal view showing the two bulging structures (arrow heads) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (S174472). d) Tangential, longitudinal cut (cut at yz0131) through the seed coat of seed in (7c) showing the undulate anticlinal cell walls of the exotesta cells that are thickest towards the outside and thinner towards the inside. Scale bars = 500 µm (a–c); 250 µm (d).
Text-fig. 8. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025) (a, b, d, e), and the Vale de Água locality (sample 333) (c, f, g), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Smaller seed in lateral view showing the bulging region (arrow head) close to hilum (S174467). b) Cut volume rending (cut at yz1032) of seed in (8a) showing the expanded cells of exotesta immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and the well preserved nutritive tissue. c) Small seed in lateral view showing the bulging exotesta (arrow head) close to hilum (S175046). d, e) Larger seed in lateral (d) and raphal (e) view (S174035). f) Detail of seed in (8c) showing the micropylar slit (mi) above the hilum (hi) and bulging exotestal tissue (arrow head) in which the walls of the exotestal cells have straight anticlinal walls. g) Surface of seed in (8c) showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. Scale bars = 500 µm (a–e); 250 µm (f); 125 µm (g). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 8. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025) (a, b, d, e), and the Vale de Água locality (sample 333) (c, f, g), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Smaller seed in lateral view showing the bulging region (arrow head) close to hilum (S174467). b) Cut volume rending (cut at yz1032) of seed in (8a) showing the expanded cells of exotesta immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (hi), micropyle (mi) and the well preserved nutritive tissue. c) Small seed in lateral view showing the bulging exotesta (arrow head) close to hilum (S175046). d, e) Larger seed in lateral (d) and raphal (e) view (S174035). f) Detail of seed in (8c) showing the micropylar slit (mi) above the hilum (hi) and bulging exotestal tissue (arrow head) in which the walls of the exotestal cells have straight anticlinal walls. g) Surface of seed in (8c) showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. Scale bars = 500 µm (a–e); 250 µm (f); 125 µm (g).
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–f) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and apical (b) views of seed showing the coarsely foveolate surface; note the truncate apex and the slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices xz0740 and xz0840) through the middle of seed showing the truncate apex with slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region and basal rounded chalazal region; note thick outer integument (oi) composed of an exotesta of thickwalled palisade-like cells and a thin inner integument (ii); d, e, f) Transverse (d, orthoslice xy0800) and longitudinal sections (e, orthoslice xz1100, f, orthoslice yz0800) through seed hilar-micropylar region, showing the exotesta comprised of the thick-walled palisade-like cells of the outer integument (oi), small, thin-walled meso- endotestal cells of the outer integument (arrows) and thin inner integument (ii). Specimen, Catefica 153-S172332 (a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–f) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and apical (b) views of seed showing the coarsely foveolate surface; note the truncate apex and the slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices xz0740 and xz0840) through the middle of seed showing the truncate apex with slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region and basal rounded chalazal region; note thick outer integument (oi) composed of an exotesta of thickwalled palisade-like cells and a thin inner integument (ii); d, e, f) Transverse (d, orthoslice xy0800) and longitudinal sections (e, orthoslice xz1100, f, orthoslice yz0800) through seed hilar-micropylar region, showing the exotesta comprised of the thick-walled palisade-like cells of the outer integument (oi), small, thin-walled meso- endotestal cells of the outer integument (arrows) and thin inner integument (ii). Specimen, Catefica 153-S172332 (a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–f).
Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–e) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of seed showing foveolate surface; note the slightly pointed hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion (arrow) from the micropyle; b) Detail of seed surface showing shallow pitting and very faint outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices yz0450 and yz0460) through the middle of the seed showing the slightly pointed hilarmicropylar region and the rounded chalazal region; note the thick exotesta of the outer integument composed of thick-walled palisade-like cells (oi); note partial preservation of large cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and the smaller cells of the embryo (em) at the micropylar end of the seed; d, e) Longitudinal sections (d, orthoslice xz0750, e, orthoslice yz0485) through middle of the seed perpendicular to each other showing the hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion from micropyle (e, arrow), thick palisade-like cells of outer integument (oi), larger cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and remains of the smaller cells of the embryo (em). Specimen, Catefica 49-S172316 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 50 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–e) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of seed showing foveolate surface; note the slightly pointed hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion (arrow) from the micropyle; b) Detail of seed surface showing shallow pitting and very faint outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices yz0450 and yz0460) through the middle of the seed showing the slightly pointed hilarmicropylar region and the rounded chalazal region; note the thick exotesta of the outer integument composed of thick-walled palisade-like cells (oi); note partial preservation of large cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and the smaller cells of the embryo (em) at the micropylar end of the seed; d, e) Longitudinal sections (d, orthoslice xz0750, e, orthoslice yz0485) through middle of the seed perpendicular to each other showing the hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion from micropyle (e, arrow), thick palisade-like cells of outer integument (oi), larger cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and remains of the smaller cells of the embryo (em). Specimen, Catefica 49-S172316 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 50 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 48. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d–i) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 2" (a–c), "Unassigned, unnamed fruits" (d–f), Pazliopsis sp. (g, h) and "Follicular fruit with exotestal seeds" (i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of fruit showing remains of tepals (te) and a single stamen (st); b) Detail of fruit surface showing short, scale-like, peltate trichomes (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0475) of fruit containing a single seed showing tepals (te) and fruit surface with peltate trichomes (arrow); note partial preservation of internal nutritive tissue; d) Fruit in lateral view showing the almost smooth epidermis with scattered openings; e) Detail of fruit surface from (d) showing the scattered openings in the epidermis interpreted as burst secretory cells (arrows); f) Dorsi-ventral view of tiny fruit with an irregular surface; g) Lateral view of exotestal seed assigned to cf. Pazliopsis sp.; h) Detail of fruit surface of seed in (g) showing faint facets of outer palisade layer with fine jigsaw-puzzle outlines of the anticlinal walls; i) Lateral view of fragmentary follicular fruit showing two exposed exotestal seeds. Specimens, Catefica 153-S174314 (a–c), Catefica 50-S170420 (d, e), Catefica 152-S174300 (f), Catefica 49-S172319 (g, h), Catefica MM158-P0272 (i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d, f, g, i), 100 Μm (e), 50 Μm (b, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 48. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d–i) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 2" (a–c), "Unassigned, unnamed fruits" (d–f), Pazliopsis sp. (g, h) and "Follicular fruit with exotestal seeds" (i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of fruit showing remains of tepals (te) and a single stamen (st); b) Detail of fruit surface showing short, scale-like, peltate trichomes (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0475) of fruit containing a single seed showing tepals (te) and fruit surface with peltate trichomes (arrow); note partial preservation of internal nutritive tissue; d) Fruit in lateral view showing the almost smooth epidermis with scattered openings; e) Detail of fruit surface from (d) showing the scattered openings in the epidermis interpreted as burst secretory cells (arrows); f) Dorsi-ventral view of tiny fruit with an irregular surface; g) Lateral view of exotestal seed assigned to cf. Pazliopsis sp.; h) Detail of fruit surface of seed in (g) showing faint facets of outer palisade layer with fine jigsaw-puzzle outlines of the anticlinal walls; i) Lateral view of fragmentary follicular fruit showing two exposed exotestal seeds. Specimens, Catefica 153-S174314 (a–c), Catefica 50-S170420 (d, e), Catefica 152-S174300 (f), Catefica 49-S172319 (g, h), Catefica MM158-P0272 (i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d, f, g, i), 100 Μm (e), 50 Μm (b, h).
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f).
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana. in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana.
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope images of the seed of Canrightia sp.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Seed in ventral view showing the slightly protruding chalaza (ch) at the apex, pointed micropyle (mi) at the base and pitted surface of the endotesta; b) Detail of endotesta surface showing larger pits in longitudinal rows and the finer pits created by crystals in the cells of the endotesta. Specimen, Catefica MM158-P0289 (a, b). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope images of the seed of Canrightia sp.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Seed in ventral view showing the slightly protruding chalaza (ch) at the apex, pointed micropyle (mi) at the base and pitted surface of the endotesta; b) Detail of endotesta surface showing larger pits in longitudinal rows and the finer pits created by crystals in the cells of the endotesta. Specimen, Catefica MM158-P0289 (a, b). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 3. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of fruits of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of fruit showing prominent rim around the middle of the fruit with reduced tepals (arrowheads) and partly abraded fruit wall exposing the pitted endotesta surface of one of two seeds (arrow); note two of the vascular bundles (vb) extending from the base of the fruit to the tepals; b) Voltex of fruit showing prominent rim around the fruit (arrowhead) and dense precipitation of crystals in the endothelium cells of one of the two seeds in the fruit; c) Longitudinal section of fruit (orthoslice yz0520) showing the inferred hypanthium rim (arrow head) and two seeds, one with a dense precipitation of crystals; note the prominent endothelium cells (asterisks) of the inner integument and the well-developed fruit wall above the seeds; d) Transverse section through basal part of fruit and seeds close to the micropyle (orthoslice xy0312) showing partly abraded fruit wall with five vascular bundles (vb) and details of the seed coat with endotesta (oi-end) surrounding the tegmen consisting of an outer epidermis (ii-o), middle layer (ii-m) and a distinct inner epidermis (endothelium) consisting of radially elongated cells (asterisk); e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1680) through apical part of the fruit close to chalaza showing the tips of two seeds; note the endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by thick-walled cells of the exotesta (oi-o); f) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1485) through fruit in the region of the hypanthium rim showing sections through the two seeds close to the chalazal region; note endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by larger cells of exotesta (oi-o) and fruit wall (fr). Specimen, Catefica 49-S174249 (holotype, a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c, e, f), 100 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 3. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of fruits of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of fruit showing prominent rim around the middle of the fruit with reduced tepals (arrowheads) and partly abraded fruit wall exposing the pitted endotesta surface of one of two seeds (arrow); note two of the vascular bundles (vb) extending from the base of the fruit to the tepals; b) Voltex of fruit showing prominent rim around the fruit (arrowhead) and dense precipitation of crystals in the endothelium cells of one of the two seeds in the fruit; c) Longitudinal section of fruit (orthoslice yz0520) showing the inferred hypanthium rim (arrow head) and two seeds, one with a dense precipitation of crystals; note the prominent endothelium cells (asterisks) of the inner integument and the well-developed fruit wall above the seeds; d) Transverse section through basal part of fruit and seeds close to the micropyle (orthoslice xy0312) showing partly abraded fruit wall with five vascular bundles (vb) and details of the seed coat with endotesta (oi-end) surrounding the tegmen consisting of an outer epidermis (ii-o), middle layer (ii-m) and a distinct inner epidermis (endothelium) consisting of radially elongated cells (asterisk); e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1680) through apical part of the fruit close to chalaza showing the tips of two seeds; note the endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by thick-walled cells of the exotesta (oi-o); f) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1485) through fruit in the region of the hypanthium rim showing sections through the two seeds close to the chalazal region; note endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by larger cells of exotesta (oi-o) and fruit wall (fr). Specimen, Catefica 49-S174249 (holotype, a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c, e, f), 100 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f).
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 6. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. a–c, e–g: cuticles of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule, b – detail of (a), notice small white spot at picture center, which could be interpreted as scar of small monocellular trichome; d: conducting strand going to seed scar. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 200 µm (a, c, d, g), 100 µm (e, f). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 6. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. a–c, e–g: cuticles of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule, b – detail of (a), notice small white spot at picture center, which could be interpreted as scar of small monocellular trichome; d: conducting strand going to seed scar. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 200 µm (a, c, d, g), 100 µm (e, f).
Text-fig. 5. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a–d: epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 100 µm (a, c, d), 50 µm (b). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 5. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a–d: epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 100 µm (a, c, d), 50 µm (b).
Text-fig. 7. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Line drawing of epidermal cuticle of upper surface of seed-bearing disc showing stoma. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 100 µm. in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 7. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Line drawing of epidermal cuticle of upper surface of seed-bearing disc showing stoma. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 100 µm.
Supplementary Materials to Curvature analysis in seed surface of SEM images of Silene species from Turkey
<p><span>(1) JPG files with seed images, Bézier curves and curvature analysis for 40 seeds (one seed of each species); (2) Mathematica files with curvature analysis corresponding to 40 seeds (one seed of each species).</span></p>
Embryo to seed length ratio and embryo to seed surface ratio data
<p>To demonstrate the bias of data availability towards non-tropical species, we compiled data on embryo length to seed length ratio and embryo to seed surface ratio for 1295 spermatophyte species. These data were obtained mainly from pictures or drawings available in the main literature sources dealing with the internal morphology of seeds (e.g., Martin, 1946; RBG Kew, 2021 [SID]; Watson & Dallwitz, 1992) and from measurements on living material (Vandelook et al., 2012; Vandelook et al., 2021). Care was taken that the measurements were taken on transversal sections of seeds at the moment of ripeness, which had maximal embryo surface area. The embryo to seed length ratio was calculated by measuring total embryo length and dividing this by the length of the seed, measured from the inside of the seed coat, along the longest axis. The embryo to seed surface area was calculated by dividing the embryo area by the area of the embryo plus endosperm and perisperm. In case of curved or coiled embryos, the lengths of different segments were summed. All occurrence coordinates for these species were downloaded from GBIF (GBIF download DOI:10.15468/dl.mat4zv). Using these coordinates, we calculated the percentage of occurrences in the tropics (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn) and outside of the tropics for each species. Duplicate coordinates within a species were removed prior to calculation.</p>
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM.
Pinhole-seeded lateral epitaxy and exfoliation of GaSb films on graphene-terminated surfaces
<p>Raw dataset corresponding to https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31610-y</p>
FIGURE. Seedlings, seeds, embryos, anthers, and pollen in Dicorynia. A–D. Different stages of development in seedlings of D. paraensis, First eophiles unifoliolate and opposite; E–G. Seed of D. guianensis: E. External surface; F. Endosperm of the longitudinally sectioned seed, note the slightly gelatinous upper region; G. Cotyledon and embryo of longitudinally sectioned seed; H. SEM of seed's testa in D. paraensis; I. SEM of endosperm's surface in D. guianensis (notice the presence of circular perforations); J–K. SEM of the hypocotyl-radicular axis of the seed in D. guianensis and D. paraensis; L. SEM of seed's testa in D. guianensis; M–N. SEM of plumule region in embryo of D. guianensis and D. paraensis (note the developed leaf primordia); O. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. paraensis, showing 4 sporangia and two pores covered by an apicle; P. Apex of anther in shorter stamen of D. guianensis, at least 9 sporangia; Q. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. guianensis, 8 sporangia; R. Pollen grains in D. paraensis. A–D: Falcão, M.J. 91; E–G, I–J, L–M: Gentry 63030; H, K, N: Berry, P.E. 7460; O: Amaral, E. 618; P, Q: Unknown collector MO1576407; Scale bar. A–D: 2cm; E–G: 3mm; H–L: 1mm; M–N: 100 μm; O-Q: 200μm; R: 5 μm. in A Taxonomic Revision of the Amazonian Genus Dicorynia (Fabaceae: Dialioideae)
FIGURE. Seedlings, seeds, embryos, anthers, and pollen in Dicorynia. A–D. Different stages of development in seedlings of D. paraensis, First eophiles unifoliolate and opposite; E–G. Seed of D. guianensis: E. External surface; F. Endosperm of the longitudinally sectioned seed, note the slightly gelatinous upper region; G. Cotyledon and embryo of longitudinally sectioned seed; H. SEM of seed's testa in D. paraensis; I. SEM of endosperm's surface in D. guianensis (notice the presence of circular perforations); J–K. SEM of the hypocotyl-radicular axis of the seed in D. guianensis and D. paraensis; L. SEM of seed's testa in D. guianensis; M–N. SEM of plumule region in embryo of D. guianensis and D. paraensis (note the developed leaf primordia); O. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. paraensis, showing 4 sporangia and two pores covered by an apicle; P. Apex of anther in shorter stamen of D. guianensis, at least 9 sporangia; Q. Apex of anther in longer stamen of D. guianensis, 8 sporangia; R. Pollen grains in D. paraensis. A–D: Falcão, M.J. 91; E–G, I–J, L–M: Gentry 63030; H, K, N: Berry, P.E. 7460; O: Amaral, E. 618; P, Q: Unknown collector MO1576407; Scale bar. A–D: 2cm; E–G: 3mm; H–L: 1mm; M–N: 100 μm; O-Q: 200μm; R: 5 μm.
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