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136 results for “selective predation”
FIGURE 4 in Physiological selectivity of insecticides to eggs and larvae of predator Chrysoperla externa (HAGEN) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
FIGURE 4 - Duration (days) of immature stages of Chrysoperla externa from second instar larvae treated with the insecticides. Treatments: 1: chlorpyrifos; 2: cartap hydrochloride; 3: pyriproxyfen, 4: profenofos/lufenuron; 5: fenpropathrin; 6: triazophos/deltamethrin; 7: zetacypermethrin and 8: control.
FIGURE 1 in Physiological selectivity of insecticides to eggs and larvae of predator Chrysoperla externa (HAGEN) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
FIGURE 1 - Survival of three larval instars and viability pupal (%) (± SE) stage of Chrysoperla externa, from first instar larvae treated with the insecticides. Treatments: 1: chlorpyrifos; 2: cartap hydrochloride; 3: pyriproxyfen, 4: profenofos/lufenuron; 5: fenpropathrin; 6: deltamethrin/triazophos; 7: zetacypermethrin and 8: control.
The role of human hunters and natural predators in shaping the selection of behavioral types in male wild turkeys
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Data from: Predators drive selection for adaptive plasticity in prey defense behavior
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Data and code from: Recreational fisheries selectively capture and harvest large predators
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Predator-based selection and the impact of edge sympatry on components of coral snake mimicry
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Selection for evasive mimicry imposed by an arthropod predator
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Predator selection on multicomponent warning signals in an aposematic moth
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Data from: Interplay of trophic relaxation and directional selection shapes eco-evolutionary responses to selective harvest in predator-prey systems
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Data from: Predator life history and prey ontogeny limit natural selection on the major armour gene, Eda, in threespine stickleback
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Data from: Antagonistic species interaction drives selection for sex in a predator-prey system
<p>The evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction has long challenged biologists as the majority of species reproduce sexually despite inherent costs. Providing a general explanation for the evolutionary success of sex has thus proven difficult and resulted in numerous hypotheses. A leading hypothesis suggests that antagonistic species interaction can generate conditions selecting for increased sex due to the production of rare or novel genotypes that are beneficial for rapid adaptation to recurrent environmental change brought on by antagonism. To test this ecology-based hypothesis, we conducted experimental evolution in a predator (rotifer) - prey (algal) system by using continuous cultures to track predator-prey dynamics and in-situ rates of sex in the prey over time and within replicated experimental populations. Overall, we found that predator-mediated fluctuating selection for competitive versus defended prey resulted in higher rates of genetic mixing in the prey. More specifically, our results showed that fluctuating population sizes of predator and prey, coupled with a trade-off in the prey, drove the sort of recurrent environmental change that could provide a benefit to sex in the prey, despite inherent costs. We end with a discussion of potential population genetic mechanisms underlying increased selection for sex in this system, based on our application of a general theoretical framework for measuring the effects of sex over time, and interpreting how these effects can lead to inferences about the conditions selecting for or against sexual reproduction in a system with antagonistic species interaction.</p>
Data from: Behavioral hypervolumes of predator groups and predator-predator interactions shape prey survival rates and selection on prey behavior
Predator-prey interactions often vary on the basis of the traits of the individual predators and prey involved. Here we examine whether the multidimensional behavioral diversity of predator groups shapes prey mortality rates and selection on prey behavior. We ran individual sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) through three behavioral assays to characterize individuals' behavioral phenotype along three axes. We then created groups that varied in the volume of behavioral space that they occupied. We further manipulated the ability of predators to interact with one another physically via the addition of barriers. Prey snails (Chlorostome funebralis) were also run through an assay to evaluate their predator avoidance behavior before their use in mesocosm experiments. We then subjected pools of prey to predator groups and recorded the number of prey consumed and their behavioral phenotypes. We found that predator-predator interactions changed survival selection on prey traits: when predators were prevented from interacting, more fearful snails had higher survival rates, whereas prey fearfulness had no effect on survival when predators were free to interact. We also found that groups of predators that occupied a larger volume in behavioral trait space consumed 35% more prey snails than homogeneous predator groups. Finally, we found that behavioral hypervolumes were better predictors of prey survival rates than single behavioral traits or other multivariate statistics (i.e., principal component analysis). Taken together, predator-predator interactions and multidimensional behavioral diversity determine prey survival rates and selection on prey traits in this system.
Data for: The visual ecology of selective predation: Are unhealthy hosts less stealthy hosts?
<p>Predators can strongly influence disease transmission and evolution, particularly when they prey selectively on infected hosts. Although selective predation has been observed in numerous systems, why predators select infected prey remains poorly understood. Here, we use a mathematical model of predator vision to test a longstanding hypothesis about the mechanistic basis of selective predation in a <em>Daphnia</em>-microparasite system, which serves as a model for the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. Bluegill sunfish feed selectively on <em>Daphnia</em> infected by a variety of parasites, particularly in water uncolored by dissolved organic carbon. The leading hypothesis for selective predation in this system is that infection-induced changes in the transparency of <em>Daphnia</em> render them more visible to bluegill. Rigorously evaluating this hypothesis requires that we quantify the effect of infection on the visibility of prey from the predator's perspective, rather than our own. Using a model of the bluegill visual system, we show that three common parasites, <em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>, <em>Pasteuria ramosa</em> and <em>Spirobacillus cienkowskii</em>, decrease the transparency of <em>Daphnia</em>, rendering infected <em>Daphnia</em> darker against a background of downwelling light. As a result of this increased brightness contrast, bluegill can see infected <em>Daphnia</em> at greater distances than uninfected <em>Daphnia</em> - between 19-33% further, depending on the parasite. <em>Pasteuria</em> and <em>Spirobacillus</em> also increase the chromatic contrast of <em>Daphnia</em>. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that selective predation by fish on infected <em>Daphnia</em> could result from the effects of infection on <em>Daphnia</em>'s visibility. However, contrary to expectations, the visibility of <em>Daphnia</em> was not strongly impacted by water color in our model. Our work demonstrates that models of animal visual systems can be useful in understanding ecological interactions that impact disease transmission.</p>
Data from: The selective advantage of a mast-flowering behavior in Veratrum album subsp. oxysepalum: Implications of the predator satiation hypothesis
<p><strong><span>Premise</span></strong><span>: The synchronous highly variable flower or seed production among years within a population– i.e., masting – has been reported in numerous perennial plants. Although ecological advantages of masting are recognized as the enhancement of pollination efficiency and/or escape from predator attack, little is known about the degree of these advantages and the variation in masting behavior among populations of conspecific plants.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong><span>: </span><span>We observed flowering ramet density and reproductive success (fruit-set success and herbivorous damage) of a perennial herb, <em>Veratrum</em> <em>album</em> subsp. <em>oxysepalum</em>, across six lowland and six alpine populations in northern Japan during 2–3 years. We then analyzed the relationship between floral density and reproductive success to clarify the ecological significance of mast flowering. Furthermore, flowering intervals of individual plants were estimated by counting annual scars on rhizomes.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong><span>: </span><span>Mast flowering was observed in most populations, but flowering intervals of individual plants were shorter in the alpine populations compared with the lowland populations. Floral damage by stem borers (dipteran larvae) and seed predation by lepidopteran larvae were intense in the lowland populations. The seed production of individual ramets increased with higher floral density owing to the effective avoidance of floral-stem damage and seed predation. Although stem borers were absent in alpine habitat, seed predation decreased with higher floral density also in the alpine populations. Pollination success was independent of floral density in both the alpine and lowland populations. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Conclusions</span></strong><span>: </span><span>These results strongly support the predator satiation hypothesis for the mast flowering behavior in this species.</span></p>
Microgeographic divergence of functional responses among salamanders under antagonistic selection from apex predators
A predator's functional response determines predator–prey interactions by describing the relationship between the number of prey available and the number eaten. Its shape and parameters fundamentally govern the dynamic equilibrium of predator–prey interactions and their joint abundances. Yet, estimates of these key parameters generally assume stasis in space and time and ignore the potential for local adaptation to alter feeding responses and the stability of trophic dynamics. Here, we evaluate if functional responses diverge among populations of spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ) larvae that face antagonistic selection on feeding strategies based on their own risk of predation. Common garden experiments revealed that spotted salamander from ponds with varying predation risks differed in their functional responses, suggesting an evolutionary response. Applying mechanistic equations, we discovered that the combined changes in attack rates, handling times and shape of the functional response enhanced feeding rate in environments with high densities of gape-limited predators. We suggest how these parameter changes could alter community equilibria and other emergent properties of food webs. Community ecologists might often need to consider how local evolution at fine scales alters key relationships in ways that alter local diversity patterns, food web dynamics, resource gradients and community responses to disturbance.
Data from: Match and mismatch: integrating consumptive effects of predators, prey traits, and habitat selection in colonizing aquatic insects
<p>Predators are a particularly critical component of habitat quality, as they affect survival, morphology, behavior, population size, and community structure through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Non-consumptive effects can often exceed consumptive effects, but their relative importance is undetermined in many systems. Our objective was to determine the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of a predaceous aquatic insect, <em>Notonecta irrorata</em>, on colonizing aquatic beetles. We tested how <em>N. irrorata </em>affected survival and habitat selection of colonizing aquatic beetles, how beetle traits contributed to their vulnerability to predation by <em>N. irrorata,</em> and how combined consumptive and non-consumptive effects affected populations and community structure. Predation vulnerabilities ranged from 0–95% mortality, with size, swimming, and exoskeleton traits generating species-specific vulnerabilities. Habitat selection ranged from predator avoidance to preferentially colonizing predator patches. Attraction of Dytiscidae to <em>N. irrorata</em> may be a natural ecological trap given similar cues produced by these taxa. Hence, species-specific habitat selection by prey can be either predator-avoidance responses that reduce consumptive effects, or responses that magnify predator effects. <em>Notonecta irrorata</em> had both strong consumptive and non-consumptive effects on populations and communities, while combined effects predicted even more distinct communities and populations across patches with or without predators. Our results illustrate that an aquatic invertebrate predator can have functionally-unique consumptive effects on prey, attracting and repelling prey, while prey have functionally-unique responses to predators. Determining species-specific consumptive and non-consumptive effects is important to understand patterns of species diversity across landscapes.</p>
Associated model data for: Size-selective predation effects on juvenile Chinook salmon cohort survival off Central California evaluated with an individual-based model
<p><span>T</span>his dataset corresponds to the paper "Size-selective predation effects on juvenile Chinook salmon cohort survival off Central California evaluated with an individual-based model" which is in press at Fisheries Oceanography. The abstract for this paper is as follows: </p> <p>Variation in the recruitment of salmon is often found to be correlated with marine climate indices, but mechanisms behind environment-recruitment relationships remain unclear and correlations often break down over time. We used an ecosystem modeling approach to explore bottom-up and top-down mechanisms linking a variable environment to salmon recruitment variations. Our ecosystem model incorporates a regional ocean circulation sub-model for hydrodynamics, a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton sub-model for producing planktonic prey fields, and an individual-based model (IBM) representing juvenile Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> <em>tshawytscha</em>), combined with observations of foraging distributions and diet of a seabird predator. The salmon IBM consists of modules, including a juvenile salmon growth module based on temperature and salmon-prey availability, a behavior-based movement module, and a juvenile salmon predation mortality module based on juvenile salmon size distribution and predator-prey interaction probability. Seabird-salmon interactions depend on spatial overlap and juvenile salmon size, whereby salmon that grow past the size range of the prey distribution of the predator will escape predation. We used a 21-year historical simulation to explore interannual variability in juvenile Chinook salmon growth and predation-mediated survival under a range of ocean conditions for sized-based mortality scenarios. We based a series of increasingly complex predation scenarios on seabird observational data to explore variability in predation mortality on juvenile Chinook salmon. We initially included information about the predator spatial distribution, then added population size, and finally, the predator's diet percentage made up of juvenile salmon. Model agreement improves with added predator complexity, especially during periods when predator abundance is high. Overall, our model found that when the fraction of juvenile salmon in seabird diet increased relative to alternate prey (e.g., Northern anchovy <em>Engraulis</em> <em>mordax</em>, and juvenile rockfish <em>Sebastes</em> spp.), there was a concomitant decrease in salmon cohort survival during their first year at sea.</p>
Data from: Feeding en route: Prey availability and traits influence prey selection by an avian predator on migration
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Data from: Do prey select for vacant hunting domains to minimize a multi-predator threat?
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Data from: The selective advantage of a mast-flowering behavior in Veratrum album subsp. oxysepalum: Implications of the predator satiation hypothesis
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.