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38 results for “simultaneous hermaphrodites”
Data from: Recombination in the eggs and sperm in a simultaneously hermaphroditic vertebrate
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Data from: Parasitic mites influence intra- and interpopulational variation in sperm length in a simultaneous hermaphrodite land snail (Gastropoda: Helicidae)
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Seminal fluid-mediated fitness effects in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano
<p>As a class, seminal fluid proteins are expected to exert strong effects on mating partners due to the selection pressures of sperm competition and sexual conflict. But because of the complexity of this secretion, linking specific proteins to downstream effects on own fitness – via manipulating the reproductive behavior, physiology and ultimately the sperm utilization of mating partners – is not straightforward. Here we adopted a systematic gene knockdown approach to screen for seminal fluid-mediated fitness effects in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm <i>Macrostomum lignano</i>. We focused on 18 transcripts in <i>M. lignano</i> seminal fluid, testing how their RNA interference-induced knockdown impacted on three aspects of donor (male) reproductive success: (i) fertility (offspring production of the partner); (ii) defensive sperm competitive ability, <i>P</i><sub>1</sub>; and (iii) offensive sperm competitive ability, <i>P</i><sub>2</sub>. In general, the knockdown of most individual transcripts appeared to have only a minor impact on male reproductive success, though we found evidence that the knockdown of up to five different transcripts impacted on fertility; the knockdown of two other transcripts resulted in reduced <i>P</i><sub>2</sub>, and knockdown of a further transcript actually increased <i>P</i><sub>2</sub>. We thus identify a number of candidate seminal fluid transcripts that appear to modulate offspring production and sperm competitiveness in <i>M. lignano</i>. That only a minority of transcripts exhibit such a pattern likely reflects both the difficulty of accurately estimating sperm competitiveness and the functional redundancy of seminal fluid.</p>
Data from: The evolution of egg trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites
Egg trading, whereby simultaneous hermaphrodites exchange each other's eggs for fertilization, constitutes one of the few rigorously documented and most widely cited examples of direct reciprocity among unrelated individuals. Yet how egg trading may initially invade a population of non-trading simultaneous hermaphrodites is still unresolved. Here, we address this question with an analytical model that considers mate encounter rates and costs of egg production in a population that may include traders (who provide eggs for fertilization only if their partners also have eggs to reciprocate), providers (who provide eggs regardless of whether their partners have eggs to reciprocate), and withholders ("cheaters" who only mate in the male role and just use their eggs to elicit egg release from traders). Our results indicate that a combination of intermediate mate encounter rates, sufficiently high costs of egg production, and a sufficiently high probability that traders detect withholders (in which case eggs are not provided) is conducive to the evolution of egg trading. Under these conditions traders can invade—and resist invasion from—providers and withholders alike. The prediction that egg trading evolves only under these specific conditions is consistent with the rare occurrence of this mating system among simultaneous hermaphrodites.
Data from: Experimental tests of sex allocation theory with two species of simultaneously hermaphroditic acorn barnacles
Sex allocation theory for simultaneous hermaphrodites predicts increases in relative allocation to male-specific function as competition for fertilizations increases. Theoretical models developed specifically for competing acorn barnacles predict that the proportional allocation to male function increases towards an asymptote of 50% as the number of competitors for fertilizations increases. Experimental manipulations were used to investigate how mate competition affected both relative and absolute allocation to the sex functions for two species of acorn barnacle: Semibalanus balanoides and Balanus glandula. The ratio of male to female allocation did not increase with the number of competitors for either species. However, both species showed increased allocation to male function (estimated as total mass of sex-specific tissues) with increased crowding. Allocation to female function seemed to be limited by other factors and did not vary with mating group size as predicted. Allocation to male and female function were both positively related to body size, but a trade-off between male and female function, a key assumption of prior models, was not observed.
Data from: Plastic expression of seminal fluid protein genes in a simultaneously hermaphroditic snail
Seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) are components of the ejaculate that often induce drastic changes in female physiology, such as reducing remating rate or shortening longevity. There is compelling evidence that these functions make SFPs a determinant of male reproductive success, and some evidence that males can strategically invest in their differential production. However, SFP-mediated effects have received relatively little attention in simultaneous hermaphrodites, i.e. organisms that are male and female at the same time. Since this reproductive mode is widespread in animals and their SFPs have unique functions compared to separate-sexed species, examining SFPs of hermaphrodites would help generalize our understanding of the impact of SFPs. We therefore examined if individuals strategically alter seminal fluid production in response to mate availability and sperm competition in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We exposed snails to different social group sizes, and measured the expression of six SFP genes. We found that the snails plastically elevated SFP expression in the presence of at least one mating partner. Specifically, paired snails showed higher SFP expression than isolated snails, while SFP expression of snails exposed to sperm competition, i.e. in a larger group size, was equivalent to that of paired snails. Furthermore, five out of six SFP genes we examined responded to mate availability in a very similar way, implying that overall seminal fluid production increases when the snails have mating opportunities. The plastic expression of seminal fluid depending on mate availability supports that SFPs play important roles in post-copulatory processes in this hermaphroditic species.
Data from: Hidden female physiological resistance to male accessory gland substances in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
To increase fertilization chances compared to rivals, males are favoured to transfer accessory gland proteins to females during mating. These substances, by influencing female physiology, cause alteration of her sperm usage and remating rate. Simultaneously hermaphroditic land snails with love-darts are a case in point. During courtship, a love-dart is pierced through the partner's body wall, thereby introducing accessory mucous gland products. This mucus physiologically increases paternity by inhibiting the digestion of donated sperm. The sperm, which are packaged in a spermatophore, are exchanged and received in an organ called the diverticulum. Because of its length, this organ was previously proposed to be a female anatomical adaptation that may limit the dart interference with the recipient's sperm usage. For reproductive success of the donor, an anatomically long spermatophore, relative to the partner's diverticulum, is beneficial since sperm can avoid digestion by exiting through the spermatophore's tail safely. However, the snail Eobania vermiculata possesses a diverticulum that is three times longer than the spermatophore it receives. Here we report that the love-dart mucus of this species contains a contraction-inducing substance that shortens the diverticulum, an effect that is only properly revealed when the mucus is applied to another helicid species, Cornu aspersum. This latter finding suggests that E. vermiculata may have evolved a physiological resistance to the manipulative substance received via the love-dart by becoming insensitive to it. This provides useful insight into evolution of female resistance to male manipulations, indicating that it can remain hidden if tested on a single-species.
Data from: Sex allocation adjustment to mating group size in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
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Data from: A targeted in situ hybridization screen identifies putative seminal fluid proteins in a simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm
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Data from: Lifetime inbreeding depression, purging, and mating system evolution in a simultaneous hermaphrodite tapeworm
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Data from: Experimental tests of sex allocation theory with two species of simultaneously hermaphroditic acorn barnacles
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Seminal fluid-mediated fitness effects in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano
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Data from: Hidden female physiological resistance to male accessory gland substances in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
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Data from: The evolution of egg trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites
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Data from: Plastic expression of seminal fluid protein genes in a simultaneously hermaphroditic snail
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Data from: Bigger testes increase paternity in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, independently of the sperm competition level
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Sex allocation plasticity on a transcriptome scale: socially-sensitive gene expression in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
GEO Series GSE123594. Macrostomum lignano. 16 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Data from: No evidence for strong cytonuclear conflict over sex allocation in a simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm
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