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60 results for “size ratios”
Data from: Allometric scaling of indirect effects: body size ratios predict non-consumptive effects in multi-predator systems
1. Non-consumptive effects (NCES) frequently lead to non-independent effects of multiple predators. While such emergent predator effects are ubiquitous in natural communities, the strength of these effects varies among studies and systems, making it difficult to predict a priory how changes in predator diversity influence prey suppression. Thus, identifying general scaling rules which can explain this variation of non-independent effects is vital for modeling natural communities and how they respond to biodiversity loss. 2. Body size is a key trait determining the nature and strength of ecological interactions. While great progress has been made using allometric relationships to predict the interaction strength of predator-prey pairs, it is unknown whether similar relationships explain variation in the strength of NCEs, and how they are related to consumptive effects. 3. Here we experimentally manipulate the relative size difference of multiple predators to determine whether NCEs follow general allometric scaling relationships in an aquatic multi-predator system. 4. Results demonstrate that the presence and strength of NCEs can vary dramatically across predator combinations. However, this variation scaled predictably with the size ratio of predators; increasing the size difference among predators increased NCEs. This pattern was driven by a size-mediated shift in "food web motif" from competition to intraguild predation and a positive correlation of NCEs and intraguild predation rate. 5. Results indicate that models which assume that consumers have independent effects are particularly likely to make erroneous predictions when predators differ substantially in size, but simple allometric relationships of NCEs could be used to correct this bias.
Data from: The effect of size and sex-ratio experiences on reproductive competition in Nicrophorus vespilloides burying beetles in the wild
Male parents face a choice: should they invest more in caring for offspring or in attempting to mate with other females? The most profitable course depends on the intensity of competition for mates, which is likely to vary with the population sex ratio. However, the balance of pay-offs may vary among individual males depending on their competitive prowess or attractiveness. We tested the prediction that sex ratio and size of the resource holding male provide cues regarding the level of mating competition prior to breeding and therefore influence the duration of a male's biparental caring in association with a female. Male burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides were reared, post-eclosion, in groups that differed in sex ratio. Experimental males were subsequently translocated to the wild, provided with a breeding resource (carcass) and filmed. We found no evidence that sex ratio cues prior to breeding affected future parental care behaviour but males that experienced male-biased sex ratios took longer to attract wild mating partners. Smaller males attracted a higher proportion of females than did larger males, securing significantly more monogamous breeding associations as a result. Smaller males thus avoided competitive male–male encounters more often than larger males. This has potential benefits for their female partners who avoid both intrasexual competition and direct costs of higher mating frequency associated with competing males.
Data from: Reliable effective number of breeders/adult census size ratios in seasonal-breeding species: opportunity for integrative demographic inferences based on capture-mark-recapture data and multilocus genotypes
The ratio of the effective number of breeders (Nb) to the adult census size (Na), Nb/ Na, approximates the departure from the standard capacity of a population to maintain genetic diversity in one reproductive season. This information is relevant for assessing population status, understanding evolutionary processes operating at local scales and unraveling how life-history traits affect these processes. However, our knowledge on Nb/Na ratios in nature is limited because estimation of both parameters is challenging. The sibship frequency (SF) method is adequate for reliable Nb estimation because it is based on sibship and parentage reconstruction from genetic marker data, thereby providing demographic inferences that can be compared with field-based information. In addition, capture-mark-recapture (CMR) robust design methods are well suited for Na estimation in seasonal-breeding species. We used tadpole genotypes of three pond-breeding amphibian species (Epidalea calamita, Hyla molleri and Pelophylax perezi, n = 73-96 single-cohort tadpoles / species genotyped at 15-17 microsatellite loci) and candidate parental genotypes (n = 94-300 adults / species) to estimate Nb by the SF method. To assess the reliability of Nb estimates, we compared sibship and parentage inferences with field-based information and checked for the convergence of results in replicated subsampled analyses. Finally, we used CMR data from a 6-year monitoring program to estimate annual Na in the three species and calculate the Nb/Na ratio. Reliable ratios were obtained for E. calamita (Nb/Na = 0.18-0.28) and P. perezi (0.5), but in H. molleri Na could not be estimated and genetic information proved insufficient for reliable Nb estimation. Integrative demographic studies taking full advantage of SF and CMR methods can provide accurate estimates of the Nb/Na ratio in seasonal-breeding species. Importantly, the SF method provides results that can be readily evaluated for reliability. This represents a good opportunity for obtaining robust demographic inferences with wide applications for evolutionary and conservation research.
Comparing the strength of modular signal, and evaluating alternative modular hypotheses, using covariance ratio effect sizes with morphometric data
<p>The study of modularity is paramount for understanding trends of phenotypic evolution, and for determining the extent to which covariation patterns are conserved across taxa and levels of biological organization. However, biologists currently lack quantitative methods for statistically comparing the strength of modular signal across datasets, and a robust approach for evaluating alternative modular hypotheses for the same dataset. As a solution to these challenges, we propose an effect size measure (Z_CR) derived from the covariance ratio, and develop hypothesis-testing procedures for their comparison. Computer simulations demonstrate that Z_CR displays appropriate statistical properties and low levels of misspecification, implying that it correctly identifies modular signal, when present. By contrast, alternative methods based on likelihood (EMMLi) and goodness of fit (MINT) suffer from high false positive rates and high model misspecification rates. An empirical example in sigmodontine rodent mandibles is provided to illustrate the utility of Z_CR for comparing modular hypotheses. Overall, we find that covariance ratio effect sizes are useful for comparing patterns of modular signal across datasets or for evaluating alternative modular hypotheses for the same dataset. Finally, the statistical philosophy for pairwise model comparisons using effect sizes should accommodate any future analytical developments for characterizing modular signal.</p>
Density dependence of clutch size and offspring sex ratio in starling colonies
<p><span>Optimal life-history theory predicts that individuals should adjust both the number and the sex of their offspring to maximize fitness in response to environmental and social factors such as breeding density. While reductions in optimal clutch size are well-studied in birds, the evidence for sex ratio adjustments is still equivocal and, so far, we lack a thorough understanding of how these strategies interact to maximize fitness. Here, we investigate how breeding density simultaneously affects brood sex ratio and clutch size in a sexually dimorphic and polygynous bird. We tested the prediction that mothers breeding at a higher density lay smaller clutches and overproduce daughters, the sex with less variable fitness returns and that disperses further away from their natal territory. We distributed nest boxes at either a high (HD) or a low density (LD) and monitored clutch sizes and sex ratios during five years in a wild breeding colony of spotless starlings. While mothers breeding in HD nests produced more daughters than those breeding in LD nests, the density dependence of clutch size varied among years, with a tendency to lay smaller clutches in HD nests. Our results suggest that mothers consistently adjust offspring sex ratio in response to breeding density, whereas adjustments in clutch size varied in a more complex way. These results support the role of sex allocation strategies in response to density and show that further theoretical and empirical research is required to understand the interaction between clutch size and sex ratio adjustments in animals.</span></p>
Brain size affects responsiveness in mating behavior to variation in predation pressure and sex-ratio
<p>Despite ongoing advances in sexual selection theory, the evolution of mating decisions remains enigmatic. Cognitive processes often require simultaneous processing of multiple sources of information from environmental and social cues. However, little experimental data exist on how cognitive ability affects such fitness-associated aspects of behavior. Using advanced tracking techniques, we studied mating behaviors of guppies artificially selected for divergence in relative brain size, with known differences in cognitive ability, when predation threat and sex-ratio was varied. In females, we found a general increase in copulation behavior in when the sex-ratio was female biased, but only large-brained females responded with greater willingness to copulate under a low predation threat. In males, we found that small-brained individuals courted more intensively and displayed more aggressive behaviors than large-brained individuals. However, there were no differences in female response to males with different brain size. These results provide further evidence of a role for female brain size in optimal decision-making in a mating context. In addition, our results indicate that brain size may affect mating display skill in male guppies. We suggest that it is important to consider the association between brain size, cognitive ability and sexual behavior when studying how morphological and behavioral traits evolve in wild populations.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor dimer simulation - 80 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor dimer simulation - 60 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Magaining 2 tail anchor monomer simulation - 80 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Magaining 2 tail anchor monomer simulation - 60 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Magaining 2 tail anchor monomer simulation - 120 Lipids - q0.5 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - TIP3P water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide. Special iteration to investigate the influence of the water model</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor monomer simulation - 80 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor monomer simulation - 120 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor monomer simulation - 60 Lipids - q0.42 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide. Reduced saved frequency could not be generated and no-water was directly generated by hand and added here.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor monomer simulation - 60 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor monomer simulation - 120 Lipids - q0.33 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor dimer simulation - 70 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Gwalp tail anchor monomer simulation - 120 Lipids - q0.33 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - TIP3P water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide. Specific iteration to see the influence of the water model.</p>
Bicelle size and lipid/surfactant ratio screening - Magaining 2 tail anchor monomer simulation - 120 Lipids - q0.38 - PBS neutralized - CHARMM36m - 310K - OPC water model
<p>Bicelle size and lipid to surfactant ratio screening to investigate the influence on spin relaxation data with monomers of a given peptide.</p>
Data from: Allometric scaling of indirect effects: body size ratios predict non-consumptive effects in multi-predator systems
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