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F I G U R E 5 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 5 Head osteology of Gouania species. (a) G. adriatica sp. nov. (PMR VP4618 – Holotype), (b) G. orientalis sp. nov. (PMR VP4585 – Holotype), (c) G. hofrichteri sp. nov. (ZSM-PIS- 047656 – Paratype), (d) G. pigra (Nardo 1827) (PMR VP3531 – Other material) and (e) G. willdenowi (Risso 1810) (ZSM-PIS-0476654 – Other material). Red, ceratobranchial 5; orange, premaxillary bone; blue, maxillary bone; green, nasal bone

F I G U R E 3 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 3 Gouania adriatica sp. nov., PMR VP4618, holotype, male, 41.41+6.77 mm, Stoja, Pula. Lateral view of specimen preserved in 4% formaldehyde (top). Lateral, dorsal and ventral view, alive (below). Photographs by M. Wagner and M. Kovacˇic

F I G U R E 4 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 4 Sucking discs and disc-papillae of Gouania species. (a) G. adriatica sp. nov. (PMR VP4618 – Holotype), (b) G. orientalis sp. nov. (PMR VP4585 – Holotype), (c) G. hofrichteri sp. nov. (PMR VP4595 – Holotype), (d) G. pigra (Nardo 1827) (ZSM-PIS-047649 – Other material) and (e) G. willdenowi (Risso 1810) (PMR VP4574 – Neotype). (f) Males of Gouania can have seemingly perfused prominent finger-like extensions on sucking disc edge in region A.A, B and C correspond to disc regions. Photographs by M. Wagner

F I G U R E 1 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 1 Geographical distribution ranges and ecology. (a) Distribution ranges of single Gouania species. The data shown are based on genetic, morphological and field observations as well as on historical findings mentioned by Hofrichter (1995) (all his records combined the species in G. willdenowi described here). Type and location of water currents are based on data provided by El-Geziry and Bryden (2010). Numbers 1–23 indicate sampling sites (compare with Supporting Information Table S1). (b) Female Gouania pigra (Nardo, 1827) in the interstitial of pebbles (photo taken in aquarium); see Supporting Information Video S1 for behaviour. (c) Trstenik (Pelješac, Croatia) – a site where G. pigra, G. adriatica sp. nov. and G. hofrichteri sp. nov. were found in sympatry. Photographs by M. Wagner

F I G U R E 2 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra

F I G U R E 2 Comparative morphological overview and lateral line system. (a) Main morphological characteristics of head region of (a) G. adriatica sp. nov. (PMR VP4618 – Holotype), (b) G. orientalis sp. nov. (PMR VP4585 – Holotype), (c) G. hofrichteri sp. nov. (PMR VP4595 – Holotype) and (d) G. pigra (Nardo 1827) (PMR VP3529 – Neotype). (e) Position of pores (bold) and neuromasts (italic) shown on the example of G. willdenowi (Risso 1810) (PMR VP4574 – Neotype) and the main morphological characteristics in the head region of this species. (f) Longitudinal infralateral and suborbital transversal rows of superficial neuromasts can be placed on the well-defined bottom of a deep (+) or shallow (–) groove. U, upper opercular tip; Abbreviations: L, lower opercular tip; SR, supralabial row; NR, nasal row; LIR, longitudinal infralateral; STR, suborbital transversal row; POR, postorbital transversal row; PTR, preopercular transversal row; SLR, subopercular longitudinal row; MR, mandibular row; AVR, anterior ventral row; PVR, posterior ventral row; ADR, anterior dorsal row; PDR, posterior dorsal row; HR, hyomandibular row; SR1, supraopercular row; SR2, suprapectoral row; DLR, dorsolateral longitudinal row; VLR, ventrolateral longitudinal row. Photographs by M. Wagner and M. Kovacˇic

FIG. 39 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 39. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Ordinary Group. To maintain clarity of presentation, the widespread Crocidura nigripes is not included.

FIG. 32 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 32. Bivariate plots showing the results of principal components analyses of the two Thick-Tailed Group species using A, five external and B, 12 cranial measurements. Loadings and variance explained are given in tables 10 and 11, respectively.

FIG. 20 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 20. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Rhoditis Group of Sulawesi Crocidura.

FIG. 10 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 10. Box plots of relative skull measures showing braincase breadth (BB), interorbital width (IOW), and rostral length (RL) divided by condyloincisive length (CIL) and BB divided by IOW for all species of Sulawesi shrew. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are ordered according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick-Tailed Group).

FIG. 25 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 25. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Small-Bodied Group of Sulawesi Crocidura.

FIG. 16 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 16. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Elongata Subgroup. Although we excluded Pinedapa from the estimated geographic ranges, we suspect the two USNM specimens referred to Crocidura elongata by Miller and Hollister (1921) from this site represent C. microelongata.

FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a maximum likelihood analysis of 983 concatenated ultraconserved elements. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Ultrafast bootstrap values <95 are shown.

FIG. 7 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 7. Estimated species tree from analysis of 3940 ultraconserved element loci in ASTRAL. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Local posterior probabilities <0.95 are shown. Tip branch lengths are arbitrary.

FIG. 4 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood estimate of the gene tree of Sulawesi Crocidura derived from an alignment of 851 individuals and 1111 characters from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Bootstrap support is shown along branches. Clades corresponding to species are collapsed for ease of presentation. Tips are labeled with the species name, the number of tips (T), and number of localities (L), as labeled in figure 1, and the maximum intraspecific (MI) Jukes-Cantor distance calculated from a reduced alignment. Two species are paraphyletic and their respective, within-clade MI values are shown separately. For species described by Miller and Hollister (1921), the holotype or paratypes are included for C. elongata, C. lea, and C. rhoditis. Branch lengths between C. nigripes and other taxa are shortened for presentation. See supplementary data S2 for the full tree.

FIG. 43 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 43. Bivariate plots showing the first two axes from principal components analyses of A, five external and B, 12 cranial measurements from Crocidura solita and C. ordinaria, two members of the Ordinary Group. Loadings and variance explained are given in tables 17 and 18, respectively.

FIG. 42 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 42. Box plots showing subtle differences in cranial measurements between Crocidura solita and C. ordinaria, two members of the Ordinary Group. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. All measurements in mm.

FIG. 37 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 37. Images showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral and occlusal views of the dentary of two darkly pigmented members of the Ordinary Group: A, Crocidura musseri, FMNH 213255; and B, C. nigripes, FMNH 210611.

FIG. 36 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 36. Images showing the ventral surface of the right hind foot and dorsal surface of the tail base (approximately 1 cm from rump) and tail tip from two darkly pigmented members of the Ordinary Group: A, Crocidura musseri, FMNH 213267; and B, C. nigripes, LSUMZ 37018. Scale bars apply to all images in panel A and to foot (upper) and tail (lower) in panel B.

FIG. 29 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 29. Images showing the ventral surface of the left hind foot and dorsal surfaces of the tail base (approximately 1 cm from rump) and tail tip from the three members of the Small-Bodied Group that are not from the northern peninsula: A, Crocidura levicula, FMNH 213271; B, C. mediocris, FMNH 210566; and C, C. parva, MVZ 237583. Where two scale bars are present within a panel, the upper applies to the foot and the lower to the tail.

FIG. 31 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 31. Images showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral and occlusal views of the dentary of the three members of the Small- Bodied Group that are not from the northern peninsula: A, Crocidura levicula, FMNH 213362; B, C. mediocris, FMNH 210603; and C, C. parva, MVZ 237577.