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Figures 1–2 in First host record, nesting behavior, and taxonomic position of the spider wasp genus Hesperopompilus Evans and some other Evans genera (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 1–2. Hesperopompilus sp. (undescribed). 1) Female dragging a Eustala anastera (Araneidae), adult or subadult female, backwards across an exposed tree rootlet, grasping the immobilized orb-weaver spider by its left second coxa with her mandibles. The spider was held slightly above the substrate in a cephalothorax upright position. 2) Female in front of her nest entrance excavating a burrow in sandy soil using her forelegs alternately. She held her apical antenna segments against the floor of the opening and wings flat on her dorsum. Photographs © Yukioz.
Figures 3–4. Pompilid spp. and their hosts. 3 in First host record, nesting behavior, and taxonomic position of the spider wasp genus Hesperopompilus Evans and some other Evans genera (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 3–4. Pompilid spp. and their hosts. 3) Ammosphex anomalus, identified initially as Perissopompilus phoenix, female dragging a Xysticus sp. (Thomisidae), adult female, backwards across stony ground, grasping the femur of its right hind leg with her mandibles. Photograph © Alice Abela. 4) Xerochares expulsus female dragging an Olios giganteus (Sparassidae), immature male, backwards across the ground, grasping the trochanter of its left foreleg with her mandibles. Photograph © Kelly Harrington.
Data from: Host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web-building behaviour for its cocoon protection
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Mantidfly larvae use substrate-borne cues to locate and distinguish different sexes and life stages of potential spider hosts
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Figure 14 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 14. Host spider family localities for Tachypompilus ferrugineus.
Figure 13 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figure 13. Host spider family localities for Entypus unifasciatus.
Figure 13 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figure 13. Host spider family distribution for Entypus unifasciatus.
Supplementary material for Proctor et al., "Warm temperature inhibits cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by endosymbiotic Rickettsiella in a spider host"
<p>Included are two supplemental files: SupplementaryDocument1 includes primers and cycling conditions for qPCR quanitification of the symbiont Rickettsiella. SupplementaryDocument2 includes all raw data for the experiments included in this manuscript.</p>
Parasitoid development and superparasitism in invasive versus native widow spider host egg sacs
<p>The brown widow spider, <em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>, is a hazardous and highly invasive species globally. One of the suggested mechanisms enhancing this spider's invasiveness is lower susceptibility to natural enemies compared to other widow species. The parasitoid wasp, <em>Philolema latrodecti</em>, is known to attack egg sacs of <em>L. geometricus</em>, as well as those of other species of <em>Latrodectus</em>. Despite its potential importance as a natural enemy of <em>L. geometricus</em>, little is known about the development of this wasp and factors mediating its parasitism success. We investigated the development of this parasitoid in two widow spider host species, one native to Israel, the white widow, <em>L. pallidus</em>, and the invasive brown widow, <em>L. geometricus</em>. We compared wasp developmental success in egg sacs exposed to increasing wasp densities. We found increased wasp emergence and brood size, and smaller emerging wasp body size, with increasing wasp density. Across all wasp densities, more and larger parasitoids developed in the egg sacs of the native host species, <em>L. pallidus</em>, compared to the invasive host species, <em>L. geometricus</em>. Parasitoid sex ratio was highly female-biased and the proportion of males increased with wasp density, suggesting local mate competition. Overall, our results suggest that <em>L. pallidus</em> is a better host for the egg sac parasitoid <em>P. latrodecti</em>, which could give a competitive advantage to the less-affected invasive brown widow spider.</p>
Data for: Intraspecific variation for host immune activation by the spider mite Tetranychus evansi
<p>Many parasites can interfere with their host's defences to maximize their fitness. Here, we investigated if there is heritable variation in the spider mite <em>Tetranychus</em> <em>evansi</em> for traits associated with how they interact with their host plant. We also determined if this variation correlates with mite fecundity. <em>Tetranychus</em> <em>evansi</em> can interfere with jasmonate (JA) defences which are the main determinant of anti-herbivore immunity in plants. We investigated (i) variation in fecundity in the presence and absence of JA defences, making use of a wild-type tomato cultivar and a JA-deficient mutant (<em>defenseless</em>-<em>1</em>), and (ii) variation in the induction of JA defences, in four <em>T. evansi</em> field populations and 59 inbred lines created from an outbred population originating from controlled crosses of the four field populations. We observed a strong positive genetic correlation between fecundity in the presence (on wild-type) and the absence of JA defences (on <em>defenseless</em>-<em>1</em>). However, fecundity did not correlate with the magnitude of induced JA defences in wild-type plants. Our results suggest that the performance of the specialist <em>T. evansi</em> is not related to their ability to manipulate plant defences, either because all lines can adequately reduce levels of defences, or because they are resistant to them.</p>
Data from: A shift in the host web occupancy of dew‐drop spiders associated with genetic divergence in the Southwest Pacific
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Data from: Wolbachia feminises a spider host with assistance from co-infecting symbionts
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Data for: Intraspecific variation for host immune activation by the spider mite Tetranychus evansi
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Parasitoid development and superparasitism in invasive versus native widow spider host egg sacs
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FIGURES 21–24 in Description of a new species of spider wasp Genus Machaerothrix Haupt (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India with reports on its host association and nesting behaviour
FIGURES 21–24. Nest and host preference of Machaerothrix salticidus Binoy, Girish Kumar & Anju sp. nov. 21. Habitat, wasp nest surrounded by cobwebs. 22. Female wasp sealing off freshly constructed nests. 23. Paralysed spider recovered during transit. 24. Spider with amputed legs recovered from wasp nest. Scale bar: 23– 2 mm; 24– 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 19–20 in Description of a new species of spider wasp Genus Machaerothrix Haupt (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India with reports on its host association and nesting behaviour
FIGURES 19–20. Machaerothrix salticidus Binoy, Girish Kumar & Anju sp. nov. Paratype, ♂. 19. Hypopygium, in ventral view. 20. Genitalia, in lateral view. Scale bar: 19, 20– 0.2 mm.
Data from: Simplifying understory complexity in oil palm plantations is associated with a reduction in the density of a cleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes miniaceus (Araneae: Theridiidae), in host (Araneae: Nephilinae) webs
Expansion of oil palm agriculture is currently one of the main drivers of habitat modification in Southeast Asia. Habitat modification can have significant effects on biodiversity, ecosystem function, and interactions between species by altering species abundances or the available resources in an ecosystem. Increasing complexity within modified habitats has the potential to maintain biodiversity and preserve species interactions. We investigated trophic interactions between Argyrodes miniaceus, a cleptoparasitic spider, and its Nephila spp. spider hosts in mature oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. A. miniaceus co-occupy the webs of Nephila spp. females and survive by stealing prey items caught in the web. We examined the effects of experimentally manipulated understory vegetation complexity on the density and abundance of A. miniaceus in Nephila spp. webs. Experimental understory treatments included enhanced complexity, standard complexity, and reduced complexity understory vegetation, which had been established as part of the ongoing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture (BEFTA) Project. A. miniaceus density ranged from 14.4 to 31.4 spiders per square meter of web, with significantly lower densities found in reduced vegetation complexity treatments compared with both enhanced and standard treatment plots. A. miniaceus abundance per plot was also significantly lower in reduced complexity than in standard and enhanced complexity plots. Synthesis and applications: Maintenance of understory vegetation complexity contributes to the preservation of spider host–cleptoparasite relationships in oil palm plantations. Understory structural complexity in these simplified agroecosystems therefore helps to support abundant spider populations, a functionally important taxon in agricultural landscapes. In addition, management for more structurally complex agricultural habitats can support more complex trophic interactions in tropical agroecosystems.
Data from: Effects of host colony size and hygiene behaviors on social spider kleptoparasite loads along an elevation gradient
1.Group living animals are likely to attract more parasites than solitary ones. Parasite loads, however, should also depend on environmental conditions and on host characteristics and behaviors. Previous work has found that social spider colonies harbor communities of kleptoparasitic spiders thats forego building their own web and, instead, steal prey from their social host. 2.We examined parasite loads and host hygiene behaviors in colonies of social and subsocial spiders in the genus Anelosimus along an elevation gradient in eastern Ecuador. 3.We found that parasite loads declined dramatically with increasing elevation. Host hygiene behaviors, such as debris removal, web repair, and interactions with the parasites, also declined with elevation. Within elevations, species with more frequent hygiene behaviors appeared more successful at keeping parasites at bay. Contrary to our predictions, parasite density declined with host nest and colony size. 4.The decline in parasite loads at higher elevations likely reflects a lower rate of energy exchange between colonies and their environments, where colder temperatures mean fewer and smaller prey for colonies to process. The decline in parasite density with host colony size may reflect a decline in the number of accessible prey in larger host colonies, as larger colonies should capture fewer but larger insects due to scaling properties of their three dimensional webs. 5.Social immunity, whereby a social host uses social behaviour to fight against parasites, has been studied in eusocial and non‐eusocial insects. This study opens up social spiders as a novel system in which to study how host characteristics interact with environmental factors to affect parasite loads. It also introduces the concept of group‐level immunity to social spiders and suggests a role for colony‐level metabolism in determining ecological patterns in parasitism.
FIGURES 11–12 in A new record of Zatypota albicoxa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Indonesia, with description of a new species of its host spider (Araneae: Theridiidae)
FIGURES 11–12. Habitat of P. m e r a p i e n s i s sp. nov. Web(s) of P. merapiensis sp. nov. under twigs (arrow 1) and dead branches (arrow 2) (11), and between tree trunks with a shelter (12) of Albizia falcataria.
FIGURES 3–10 in A new record of Zatypota albicoxa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Indonesia, with description of a new species of its host spider (Araneae: Theridiidae)
FIGURES 3–10. Parasteatoda merapiensis sp. nov., female holotype (3–8) and male allotype (9–10) – 3, carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; 4–5, abdomen, ventral (4) and lateral (5) views; 6, epigynum, ventral view; 7–8, internal genitalia, dorsal (7) and ventral (8) views; 9–10, palpus, ventral (9) and retrolateral (10) views. Scales: 0.5 mm (3–5) and 0.1 mm (6–10).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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