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56 results for “stem anatomy”
FIGURE 2. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy
FIGURE 2. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A. Habit; B. Portion of branch showing the cymules and fruit; C. Detail of the cymules; D. Staminate flower in frontal view; E. Pistillate flower in lateral view, the sepals green whitish; F. Pistillate flower in upper view, the sepals reddish; G. Fruit; H. Seeds in dorsal and lateral view. Photographs by M. J. Silva.
FIGURE 1. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy
FIGURE 1. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A. Habit; B. Portion of branch, note the winged projections and hispidulous trichomes; C. Stipules; D. Leave, note the ciliate margin; E. Detail of lower side of the leaf blade showing trichomes; F. Detail of the bisexual cymules. G. Staminate flower; H. Pistillate flower in frontal view; I. Pistillate flower, note the disk and ovary; J. Fruit; K. Mericarps removed showing the carpophorous; L. Seed, lateral view; M. Seed, dorsal view. (drawings by Cristiano Gualberto, from the holotype)
FIGURE 4 in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy
FIGURE 4. Leaf architecture of Phyllantus pterocaulis. A. Adaxial surface of the leaf blade; B and E. abaxial surface of the leaf blade; C. Border with non-glandular trichomes; D. Non-glandular trichomes on adaxial surface; F. Stomata. Arrows indicate anomocytic (1), and paracytic stomata (2). Scale bars (A, B = 1000 µm, C–E = 200 µm, F = 50 µm).
Data from: Growing at the arid edge: Leaf anatomy variations are more extensive than stems in five Mediterranean species across contrasting moisture regimes-all the raw data of the anatomic measurements
<p>Premise:</p> <p>The Mediterranean region is experiencing increasing aridity, affecting ecosystems and plant life. Plants exhibit various anatomical changes to cope with dry conditions, including anatomical changes. This study focused on five co-occurring Mediterranean plant species namely <em>Quercus calliprinos</em>, <em>Pistacia palaestina</em>, <em>Pistacia lentiscus</em>, <em>Rhamnus lycioides</em>, and <em>Phillyrea latifolia</em> in wet and dry sites, investigating anatomical differences in leaves and xylem.</p> <p>Methods:</p> <p>Leaf analysis involved stomatal density, stomatal length, Leaf Mass Area (LMA), lamina composition, quantification of leaf intercellular air spaces (IAS), and mesophyll cell area exposed to these spaces. Xylem anatomy was assessed through vessel length and area in branches.</p> <p>Results:</p> <p>In the dry site, three species showed increased stomatal density and decreased stomatal length. Four species exhibited increased palisade mesophyll (PM) and reduced air space volume. In contrast, the phenotypic change in the xylem was less pronounced, with vessel length remaining unaffected by the site conditions. Furthermore, vessel diameter decreased in two species. Intercellular air spaces (IAS) proved to be the most dynamic anatomical feature. <em>Quercus calliprinos</em> demonstrated the highest anatomical phenotypic changes, while <em>Rhamnus lycioides</em> exhibited minor changes.</p> <p>Conclusions:</p> <p>This study sheds light on the variation in anatomical responses among co-occurring Mediterranean plant species and identifies the most dynamic traits. Understanding these adaptations provides valuable insights into the ability of plants to thrive under changing climate conditions.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Comparative anatomy of young stems and leaves of 16 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae) from Madagascar and their taxonomic significance
FIGURE 4. Patterns of vascular bundles at distal part of the petiole A. Dalbergia pseudobaronii, 2 vascular bundles (1 adaxial and 1 abaxial). B. D. orientalis, 5 vascular bundles (2 adaxial and 3 abaxial). C. D. greveana, 9 vascular bundles (3 adaxial and 6 abaxial. D. D. urschii, 13 vascular bundles (5 adaxial and 8 abaxial). E. D. normandii, open arc with one adaxial vascular bundle. VB: vascular bundles.
FIGURE 1 in Comparative anatomy of young stems and leaves of 16 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae) from Madagascar and their taxonomic significance
FIGURE 1. Cross-sections of young stem. A. Young stem of D. normandii epidermis covered with a prominent cuticle. B. D. pseudobaronii, general view of young stem with pericycle sclerenchyma always forming a discontinuous ring, inset shows epidermis with trichomes multicellular under higher magnification. C. D. razakamalalae, periderm composed of phellem, phelloderm and phellogen. D. D. normandii, the first periderm in the process of formation composed by phellem and poorly differentiated phellogen and phelloderm. tr: trichome multicellular.
FIGURE 2 in Comparative anatomy of young stems and leaves of 16 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae) from Madagascar and their taxonomic significance
FIGURE 2. Cross-sections of the petiole at the proximal region. A. D. razakamalalae, a closed arc vascular bundle. B. D. orientalis an open arc. C. D. occidentalis, an open arc with slightly incurved ends. D. D. urschii, an open arc with one adaxial vascular bundles. E. D. bathiei, five vascular bundles. Cross-sections at the distal part of the petiole. F. Dalbergia pseudobaronii, 2 vascular bundles (1 adaxial and 1 abaxial). G. D. orientalis, 5 vascular bundles (2 adaxial and 3 abaxial). H. D. greveana, 9 vascular bundles (3 adaxial and 6 abaxial). I. D. urschii, 13 vascular bundles (5 adaxial and 8 abaxial). J. D. normandii, an open arc with one adaxial vascular bundle. Dot-filled areas= phloem, striped areas =xylem, tile areas sclerenchyma.
FIGURE 3 in Comparative anatomy of young stems and leaves of 16 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae) from Madagascar and their taxonomic significance
FIGURE 3. Patterns of vascular bundles at proximal part of petiole. A. D. razakamalalae, a closed arc vascular cylinder. B. D. orientalis an open arc. C. D. occidentalis, an open arc with slightly incurved ends. D. D. urschii, an open arc with one adaxial vascular bundle. E. D. bathiei, five vascular bundles. id: idioblast, ph: phloem, xy: xylem.
FIGURE 2. Stem and leaf lamina anatomy. A in The rediscovery of Billburttia vaginoides, with notes on the morphology, anatomy, traditional uses and conservation status of the genus Billburttia (Apieae, Apiaceae)
FIGURE 2. Stem and leaf lamina anatomy. A. Billburttia capensoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1494, TAN, CNARP). B. B. vaginoides (Rakotonandrasana & Ratrimosaona 1495, TAN, CNARP). A1 and B1. Transverse sections of stems; pf—protophloem fibers. A2 and B2. Transverse sections of leaf lamina; sc—small secretory canals associated with adaxial extensions of sheaths around vascular bundles. A3 and B3. Surface view of abaxial epidermis of leaf lamina. Black arrowheads mark the aggregates of acicular crystals. Scale bars: A1 = 500 μm; A2, B1, B2 = 200 μm; A3, B3 = 100 μm.
FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus modestus. A. Habitat. B. Stem and rosette before fire. C. Stem and rosette after fire. D. Leaf apex. E. Spathe detail. F. Spathe detail. G. Young scape detail. H. Old scape detail. I. Mature capitulum. J. Young capitulum highlighting the involucral bracts. K. Capitulum with abnormal involucral bracts. L. Floral bract abaxial surface. M. Staminate flower. N. Pistillate flower. O. Gynoecium. P in Paepalanthus modestus (Eriocaulaceae), a new dimerous species from Goiás, Brazil, with notes on leaf and scape anatomy
FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus modestus. A. Habitat. B. Stem and rosette before fire. C. Stem and rosette after fire. D. Leaf apex. E. Spathe detail. F. Spathe detail. G. Young scape detail. H. Old scape detail. I. Mature capitulum. J. Young capitulum highlighting the involucral bracts. K. Capitulum with abnormal involucral bracts. L. Floral bract abaxial surface. M. Staminate flower. N. Pistillate flower. O. Gynoecium. P. Fruit releasing the seeds. (M.L.O. Trovó & A.L. Silva 646–RB).
FIGURE 3 in Stem anatomy and its systematic implication in Bufonia (Caryophyllaceae, Sagineae) and related genera
FIGURE 3. Cross-sections of stem from selected species of related genera to Bufonia. a: Odontostemma barbatum; b: Arenaria serpyllifolia; c: Eremogone gypsophiloides; d: Shivparvatia ciliolata; e: Eremogone pseudacantholimon; f: Eremogone armeniaca; g: Eremogone polycnemifolia; h: Eremogone polycnemifolia; i: Minuartiella acuminata; j: Cerastium latifolium; k: Sabulina lineata; l: Sagina apetala; m: Minuartia meyeri; n: Minuartia hamata; o: Minuartia recurva; p: Sabulina tenuifolia.
FIGURE 2 in Stem anatomy and its systematic implication in Bufonia (Caryophyllaceae, Sagineae) and related genera
FIGURE 2. Cross-sections of stems in selected species of Bufonia. a: B. capsularis; b: B. oliveriana; c: B. calyculata; d: B. virgata; e: B. macrocarpa; f: B. perennis subsp. tuberculata; g: B. macropetala subsp. willkomiana; h: B. sintenisii; i: B. kotschyana subsp. kotschyana; j: B. paniculata; k: B. stricta; l: B. parviflora; m: B. tenuifolia; n: B. mauritanica; o: B. kotschyana subsp. calycina.
Figure 4. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 2 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 4. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 2/12937, part of skull roof. A, B, photograph and interpretive drawing, as exposed. C, digital reconstruction in lateral view based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; frf, frontal facet; lp, lateral process of frontal; nas, nasal; par, parietal; ph?, phalange?; vr, ventral ridge. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 1. Geographical position of the Kokartus localities (Kyzylsu 1; Kugart 1; Nichke 1) in the Kugart River Basin (asterisk) in the eastern part of the Fergana Depression (the upper map is redrawn from Averianov et al. 2005 and the lower map is modified from http://maps.google.ru/maps).
Figure 7. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 7. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1/12937, partial disarticulated skull. A, B, digital reconstruction of the underside and exposed sides based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: den, dentary; hb1, hypobranchial 1; hb2, hypobranchial 2; mx, maxilla; nas, nasal; pmx, premaxilla; pra?, prearticular?; prfr?, prefrontal?; prsph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vom, vomer. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 3 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 3. Kokartus honorarius, ZIN PH 65/47. Partial skull as exposed. A, B, photograph and interpretive drawing. C, digital reconstruction of part the specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. Abbreviations: apt, anterior process of pterygoid; fr, frontal; par, parietal; ph, phalanges; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vr, ventral ridge; vrsq, ventral ramus of squamosal. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 5. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 6 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 5. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 6/12937 (A–E) and CCMGE 2/11998 (F–H). A–E, as exposed. D, E, digital reconstruction of the specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. H, digital reconstruction of the specimen based on high-resolution computed tomography. F–G, photograph and interpretive drawing. Abbreviations: den, dentary; exo, exoccipital; mx?, maxilla?; par?, parietal?; pra, prearticular; sq, squamosal. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 10 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 10. Strict consensus of 44 most parsimonious trees showing the position of karaurids. Eocaecilia is highlighted by *. Synapomorphies supporting Batrachia (A), Caudata (B), and Karauridae (C) clades: Clade A, 65(2), dermal sculpturing: little to none; 130(2), Meckelian fossa: absent; 165(1), extended transverse processes: present. Clade B, 2(2), skull: trunk: 0.20–0.29; 51(1), parietal–squamosal contact: present; 92(2), anterior palatine: palatine absent; 102(1), denticles on parasphenoid: absent; 201(2), deltapectoral crest: prominent; 220(1), spinal cord supports: present. Clade C, 65(2), dermal sculpturing: tubercules and short ridges.
Figure 9 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 9. Skull reconstructions of Kokartus honorarius (A–D). A, B, redrawn from Nesov et al. (1996). C, D, new reconstruction. E, skull of larva of branchiosaurid Apateon gracilis, redrawn from Schoch & Fröbisch (2006). F, two centres of ossification of the squamosal in a larva of Ranodon sibiricus (IV stage), redrawn from Lebedkina (1979). G, two centres of ossification of the squamosal in a larva of Rana esculenta at the end of metamorphosis, redrawn from Lebedkina (1979). Abbreviations: caud, otic capsule; den, dentary; dsq, dorsal ossification of squamosal, fr, frontal; mam, m. adductor mandibulae; Mc, Meckel's cartilage; mdm, m. depressor mandibulae; nas, nasal; pa, ascendens process of palatoquadratal cartilage; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; prsph, parasphenoid; po, otic process of palatoquadratal cartilage; ppt, pterygoid process of palatoquadratal cartilage; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vsq, ventral ossification of squamosal.
Figure 2. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 2. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1/12937. Partial skull as exposed. A, B, photograph and interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: cor, coronoid; den, dentary; fr, frontal; hb1, hypobranchial 1; hb2, hypobranchial 2; if, internarial fenestra; mx, maxilla; nas, nasal; par, parietal; ph, phalanges; pmx, premaxilla; pra?, prearticular?; prfr?, prefrontal?; prsph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vom, vomer. Scale bars = 5 mm.
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