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113 results for “sublethal”
Fig. 3 in Sublethal injuries in Early Devonian cephalopod shells from Morocco
Fig. 3. Limonitic internal moulds of Devonobactrites obliquiseptatum (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1852) with minor healed injuries ("forma substructa" of Hölder, 1973) from the early Zlíchovian (early Emsian, Early Devonian) of the Tafilalt (Morocco). A. PIMUZ 7275, Ouidane Chebbi, note the small triangular fracture. B. PIMUZ 7273, Ouidane Chebbi, irregular insertion of ridges after injury. C. PIMUZ 27032, Oum El Jerane. D. PIMUZ 27033, Oum El Jerane; two injuries. E. MB.C.9545, bed EF, Filon Douze; note the deep fracture which extended over approximately one fourth of the body chamber length; at the posterior end of the fracture, two triangles can be seen as in C, reminding of other cephalopod bite−marks. F. PIMUZ 27034, Oum El Jerane; in this case, the mantle was most likely affected, causing the formation of a linear deformation in growth direction. G. PIMUZ 27040, south of Hassi Tachbit, near Ouidane Chebbi. H. PIMUZ 27035, Oum El Jerane; in contrast to most healed injuries, the apical end of the fracture is broad. I. PIMUZ 27036, Oum El Jerane. J. PIMUZ 27042, El Atrous, note the questionable terminal constriction, possibly indicating adulthood and not a malformation. K. PIMUZ 27037, Oum El Jerane. L. PIMUZ 27041, El Atrous; two injuries. M. PIMUZ 27038, Oum El Jerane. N. PIMUZ 27039, Oum El Jerane; like in F, the mantle was also affected, causing the formation of a linear deformation in growth direction. All specimens were coated with NH4Cl. The arrows indicate healed injuries unless otherwise stated.
Beyond microplastics: Water soluble synthetic polymers exert sublethal adverse effects in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna - experimental Dataset
<p>This Dataset contains the raw experimental data for the article "Beyond microplastics: Water soluble synthetic polymers exert sublethal adverse effects in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna" by Simona Mondellini, Matthias Schott, Martin G.J. Löder, Seema Agarwal, Andreas Greiner, Christian Laforsch. Published on Science of the Total Environment (2022) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157608">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157608</a><br> The file "dataset information" contains a description of the other files.</p>
Figure 3 in Sublethal effects of spiromesifen on life table traits ofTetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) andNeoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 3 Age-stage life expectancy (exj) of two generations of Tetranychus urticaeexposed to LC20 of spiromesifen.
Figure 6 in Sublethal effects of spiromesifen on life table traits ofTetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) andNeoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 6 Age-stage survival rate (sxj) and age specific survival rate (lx), fecundity (mx), and net maternity l(xmx) of Neoseiulus californicus exposed to LC20 of spiromesifen.
Figure 2 in Sublethal effects of spiromesifen on life table traits ofTetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) andNeoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 2 Age specific survival rate (lx), fecundity (mx), and net maternity l(xmx) of two generations of Tetranychus urticaeexposed to LC20 of spiromesifen.
RECOVERY TIME FROM PRIOR SUBLETHAL HEAT STRESS INFLUENCES SUBSEQUENT HEATWAVE-DRIVEN MORTALITY AND BEHAVIOUR
<ol> <li>Rising global ocean temperatures are influencing the incidences of extreme thermal events – including marine heatwaves (MHWs) – which, in turn, are affecting marine organisms physiologically. The consequence of acute stress depends, in part, on the temporal pattern of exposure. Such influence results as the molecular mechanisms triggered by stressful conditions are energetically costly, and therefore their activation can help or hinder an organism faced with additional stress depending on relative timing of exposure.</li> <li>Here we test the effect of consecutive MHWs separated by varying lengths of recovery on the shallow subtidal gastropod species, <em>Monodonta labio. </em>We exposed <em>M. labio </em>to two separate heatwave events (32 ºC) separated by either a 5-day, 10-day or 15-day recovery period (28 ºC) and assessed the effects on mortality, behaviour (attempt to right, success righting), and physiological performance (oxygen consumption rates) after each time period.</li> <li>While some mortality was experienced in the first heatwave event, it was significantly greater in the second event with a trend toward more mortality in the longer than shorter recovery period treatments. Over the duration of the experiment, longer recovery periods were associated with greater overall cumulative mortality. In terms of behaviour, although there was no change in attempt to right across the experimental periods, the proportion to successfully complete the behaviour decreased following the second heatwave. Interestingly, during the second heatwave no gastropods in the 5-day recovery treatment successfully righted, with some success observed for those with a longer recovery period. Despite these changes in mortality and behaviour, oxygen consumption rates remained consistent across treatments and the experimental period, indicating organisms did not adjust this process.</li> <li>Together, our results highlight that where a MHW event has sublethal effects, this could modify the response organisms show to a subsequent MHW. Moreover, the influence of this earlier MHW will be dependent upon the duration of the intervening recovery period afforded to organisms. Consequently, it will be important to consider repeat events, and the duration of recovery between them, when considering the effects of altered heatwave patterns driven by global climate change.</li> </ol>
Data from: Rapid cold hardening protects against sublethal freezing injury in an Antarctic insect
Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a type of beneficial phenotypic plasticity that occurs on extremely short time scales (minutes to hours) to enhance insects' ability to cope with cold snaps and diurnal temperature fluctuations. RCH has a well-established role in extending lower lethal limits, but its ability to prevent sublethal cold injury has received less attention. The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica is Antarctica's only endemic insect and has a well-studied RCH response that extends freeze tolerance in laboratory conditions. However, the discriminating temperatures used in previous studies of RCH are far below those ever experienced in the field. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RCH protects against nonlethal freezing injury. Larvae of B. antarctica were exposed to either control (2&[deg]C), direct freezing (-9&[deg]C for 24 h), or RCH (-5&[deg]C for 2 h followed by -9&[deg]C for 24 h). All larvae survived both freezing treatments, but RCH larvae recovered more quickly from freezing stress and had significantly higher metabolic rates during recovery. RCH larvae also sustained less damage to fat body and midgut tissue and had lower expression of two heat shock protein transcripts (hsp60 and hsp90), which is consistent with RCH protecting against protein denaturation. The protection afforded by RCH resulted in energy savings; directly frozen larvae experienced a significant depletion in glycogen energy stores that was not observed in RCH larvae. Together, these results provide strong evidence that RCH protects against a variety of sublethal freezing injuries and allows insects to rapidly fine-tune their performance in thermally variable environments.
Gregarines modulate insect responses to sublethal insecticide residues
<p>Throughout their lifetime, insects face multiple environmental challenges that influence their performance. Gregarines are prevalent endoparasites in most invertebrates that affect the fitness of their hosts, but are often overlooked in ecological studies. Next to such biotic factors, a current common challenge is anthropogenic pollution with pesticides, which causes a major threat to non-target organisms that are readily exposed to lethal or sublethal concentrations. In a laboratory study, we investigated whether the presence of gregarines modulates the food consumption and life-history traits of a (non-target) leaf beetle species, Phaedon cochleariae, in response to sublethal insecticide exposure. We show that the larval food consumption of the herbivore was neither affected by gregarine infection nor sublethal insecticide exposure. Nevertheless, infection with gregarines led to a delayed development, while insecticide exposure resulted in a lower body mass of adult males and a reduced reproduction of females. Individuals exposed to both challenges suffered most, as they had the lowest survival probability. This indicates detrimental effects on the population dynamics of non-target insects infected with naturally occurring gregarines that face additional stress from agrochemical pollution. Moreover, we found that the infection load with gregarines was higher in individuals exposed to sublethal insecticide concentrations compared to unexposed individuals. To counteract the global decline of insects, the potential of natural parasite infections in modulating insect responses to anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic environmental factors should be considered in ecological risk assessment.</p>
Sublethal reproductive costs associated with experimental heat waves in the copepod, Tigriopus californicus
<p>Physiological stress may induce sublethal effects on fitness by limiting energy availability and shifting energy allocation, which can incur reproductive costs. Sublethal reproductive costs may affect vital rates, linking stress events such as heat waves to population demography. Here, we test the hypothesis that heat wave intensity and consecutive days of exposure to heat wave temperatures impact survival and individual reproductive success. We subjected groups of the marine harpacticoid copepod, <i>Tigriopus californicus,</i> to six heat wave regimes that differed in maximum exposure temperature, 26°C or 32°C, and number of consecutive exposure days (1, 2, or 7), and predicted that survival and reproductive costs would increase with heat wave intensity and duration. We measured individual survival and offspring production during the heat waves and for two weeks following the last day of each experimental heat wave. Despite similar survivorship between the two maximum temperature treatments, sublethal effects of heat wave intensity were observed. Consistent with our predictions, individuals that experienced the higher maximum temperature 32°C heat waves produced fewer offspring overall than those that experienced the 26°C heat wave. Furthermore, the number of naupliar larvae (nauplii) per clutch was lower in the 32°C group for egg clutches produced immediately after the final day of exposure. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing thermal stress can lead to sublethal costs, even with no discernible effects on mortality. Heat waves may not always have lethal effects on individuals, especially for individuals that are adapted to routine exposures to high temperatures, such as those occupying the high intertidal. Costs, however, associated with stress and/or reduced performance due to non-linearities, can affect short-term demographic rates. The effect of these short-term sublethal perturbations is needed to fully understand the potential for population rescue and evolution in the face of rapid climate change.</p>
Response of Plutella xylostella to the sublethal exposure of fluxametamide under laboratory conditions
<p>Data set generated during the laboratory experiments on toxicity of fluxametamide against diamondback moth <em>Plutella xylostella</em>, and its sublethal effects on life table parameters of this pest. Fluxametamide exhibited an exceptional insecticidal activities against the larval stages of <em>Plutella xylostella</em>. This is a raw data set with the replication for each treatments. </p>
Conservation implications of herbicides on seagrasses: sublethal glyphosate exposure decreases fitness in the endangered Zostera capensis
<p>Dataset containing morphological, biomass and chlorophyll responses of the seagrass, Zostera capensis, to sublethal glyphosate exposure over a 3 week exposure period.</p>
Fig. 1 in Sublethal injuries in Early Devonian cephalopod shells from Morocco
Fig. 1. Geologic map of Morocco (A) and detail of the eastern Anti−Atlas (B).
Data from: Recurrent sublethal warming reduces embryonic survival, inhibits juvenile growth, and alters species distribution projections under climate change
The capacity to tolerate climate change often varies across ontogeny in organisms with complex life cycles. Recently developed species distribution models incorporate traits across life stages; however, these life-cycle models primarily evaluate effects of lethal change. Here, we examine impacts of recurrent sublethal warming on development and survival in ecological projections of climate change. We reared lizard embryos in the laboratory under temperature cycles that simulated contemporary conditions and warming scenarios. We also artificially warmed natural nests to mimic laboratory treatments. In both cases, recurrent sublethal warming decreased embryonic survival and hatchling sizes. Incorporating survivorship results into a mechanistic species distribution model reduced annual survival by up to 24% compared to models that did not incorporate sublethal warming. Contrary to models without sublethal effects, our model suggests that modest increases in developmental temperatures influence species ranges due to effects on survivorship.
Changes in Culicoides sonorensis feeding behavior following sublethal insecticide exposure
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Data from: Rapid cold hardening protects against sublethal freezing injury in an Antarctic insect
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Crossing thermal boundaries: Quantifying the impact of sublethal heat stress on growth in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)
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Data from: Intestinal nematode infection confers a benefit to a non-declining frog species, while a fungal parasitic infection has sublethal impacts on reproductive investment
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Sublethal reproductive costs associated with experimental heat waves in the copepod, Tigriopus californicus
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Gregarines modulate insect responses to sublethal insecticide residues
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Data from: Recurrent sublethal warming reduces embryonic survival, inhibits juvenile growth, and alters species distribution projections under climate change
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