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93 results for “sympatric populations”
Fig. 5 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences
Fig. 5. Box plot of the acoustic variables that differed statistically (Mann-Whitney, p <0.0039) between allopatric (Allo) and sympatric (Sym) populations of A – Tettigettalna argentata and B – Tettigettalna mariae. Time is in seconds and frequency in kHz.
Fig. 3 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences
Fig. 3. Scatter plot of the 193 specimens of Tettigettalna in the first two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of 13 acoustic variables. See ST1 in Supplementary Tables for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.
Fig. 1. A in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences
Fig. 1. A – Map of the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula showing the locations of the allopatric and sympatric populations of the four species of Tettigettalna sampled. B – More detailed map of the area marked by the rectangle in A. Letters: allopatric populations of: a – T. argentata; e – T. estrellae; j – T. josei and m – T. mariae. Symbols: Sympatric populations of: circle – T. argentata and T. estrellae; square – T. argentata and T. josei; triangle: T. argentata and T. mariae and cross: T. argentata, T. mariae and T. josei. Map produced by the program DIVA_GIS (LizardTechSeattle, USA) using the spatial data provided by this program.
Data from: Difference in reproductive mode rather than ploidy explains niche differentiation in sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula
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Data from: Female African elephant rumbles differ between populations and sympatric social groups
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Greater reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared to sexual relative in a low density sympatric population – experimental evidence for pollen limitation
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Data from: Evolution and disappearance of sympatric Coregonus albula in a changing environment - a case study of the only remaining population pair in Sweden
<p>During the past 50 years Fennoscandian populations of spring-spawning Baltic cisco (<em>Coregonus albula</em>), sympatric to common autumn-spawners, have declined or disappeared; e.g., three out of four known spring-spawning populations in Sweden are regarded as extinct. Over the same period, climate has changed and populations have been subject to other anthropogenic stressors. We compared historic (1960s) and recent (1990-2000s) morphological data from the still existent sympatric cisco populations in Lake Fegen, Sweden. Phenotypic changes were found for spring-spawners making them more similar to the sympatric autumn-spawners (that had remained virtually unchanged). Based on results for other salmoniform fishes, a phenotypically plastic response to increased temperature during early development appears unlikely. The recent material was also analysed with microsatellite markers; long-term effective population size in spring-spawners was estimated to be about 20 times lower than autumn-spawners, with signs of long-term gene flow in both directions and a recent genetic bottleneck in spring-spawners. The change towards a less distinct phenotype in spring-spawners is suggested to reflect a recent increase in gene flow from autumn-spawners. Time since divergence was estimated to only c. 1 900 years (95% CI: 400 – 5 900), but still the Fegen populations represent the most morphologically and genetically distinct sympatric populations studied. Consequently, we hypothesise that less distinct population pairs can be even younger, and that spring-spawning may have repeatedly evolved and disappeared in several lakes since the end of the last glaciation, concurrent with changed environmental conditions.</p>
Population size shapes trade-off dilution and adaptation to a marginal niche unconstrained by sympatric habitual conditions
<p>How does niche expansion occur when the habitual (high-productivity) and marginal (low-productivity) niches are simultaneously available? Without spatial structuring, such conditions should impose fitness maintenance in the former while adapting to the latter. Hence, adaptation to a given marginal niche should be influenced by the identity of the simultaneously available habitual niche. This hypothesis remains untested. Similarly, it is unknown if larger populations, which can access greater variation and undergo more efficient selection, are generally better at niche expansion. We tested these hypotheses using a large-scale evolution experiment with <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em>. While we observed widespread niche expansion, larger populations consistently adapted to a greater extent to both marginal and habitual niches. Owing to diverse selection pressures in different habitual niches (constant versus fluctuating environments; environmental fluctuations varying in both predictability and speed), fitness in habitual niches was significantly shaped by their identities. Surprisingly, despite this diversity in habitual selection pressures, adaptation to the marginal niche was unconstrained by the habitual niche's identity. We show that in terms of fitness, two negatively correlated habitual niches can still have positive correlations with the marginal niche. This allows the marginal niche to dilute fitness trade-offs across habitual niches, thereby allowing costless niche expansion. Our results provide fundamental insights into sympatric niche expansion.</p>
Genetic variability and Population structure of two sympatric cownose rays Rhinoptera (Myliobatiformes, Rhinopteridae) in the Western Atlantic Ocean
<p><em><span><span>We analyzed sequences of COI and Cytb genes for Rhinoptera bonasus (COI: 230; 11 haplotypes, Cytb: 108; 12 haplotypes) and R. brasiliensis (COI: 181; 10 haplotypes, Cytb: 105; eight haplotypes ) to investigate the genetic diversity and their relationship with environmental variables, genetic structure, as well as demographic parameters. </span></span></em></p>
Population genomic analyses support sympatric origins of parapatric morphs in a salamander
<p><span>In numerous clades, divergent sister species have largely non-overlapping geographic ranges. This pattern presumably arises because species diverged in allopatry or parapatry, prior to subsequent contact. Here we provide population-genomic evidence for the opposite scenario: previously sympatric ecotypes that have spatially separated into divergent monomorphic populations over large geographic scales (reverse sympatric scenario). We analyzed a North American salamander (</span><span><em>Plethodon</em> <em>cinereus</em></span><span>) with two color morphs that are broadly sympatric: striped (redback) and unstriped (leadback). Sympatric morphs can show considerable divergence in other traits, and many <em>Plethodon</em> species are fixed for a single morph. Long Island (New York) is unusual in having many pure redback and leadback populations that are spatially separated, with pure redback populations in the west and pure leadbacks in the east. Previous work showed that these pure-morph populations were genetically, morphologically, and ecologically divergent. Here, we performed a coalescent-based analysis of new data from 88,696 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to address the origins of these populations. This analysis strongly supports the monophyly of Long Island populations and their subsequent divergence into pure redback and pure leadback </span><span>populations</span><span>. Taken together, these results suggest that the formerly sympatric mainland morphs separated into parapatric populations on Long Island, reversing the conventional speciation scenario.</span></p>
Divergent foraging strategies between populations of sympatric matrilineal killer whales
<p>In gregarious species, collective behavior maximizes individual fitness benefits while minimizing costs. Despite the relevance of behavior to conservation, the link between the robustness of behavioral patterns across populations and population health is poorly understood. We studied the collective foraging behavior of two closed, sympatric populations of piscivorous killer whales, leveraging two contemporaneously-collected data sets from suction cup-attached bio-logging tags, to quantify patterns of fine-scale foraging movements and their relationships with demography. We reveal striking plasticity in collective foraging behavior between populations. Prey capture rate and foraging efficiency were greater for males in the endangered Southern Resident (SRKW) population, yet greater for females in the Northern Resident (NRKW) population. The presence of a calf (≤ 3 y) reduced the number of prey captured by adult females in both populations, with the greatest effect in SRKW, in which no mothers with calves captured prey while bearing tags. SRKW adult males with a living mother tended to capture more prey than those whose mother had died, whereas the opposite was true for NRKW adult males. Moreover, males generally tended to forage in areas with deeper bathymetry than females, and SRKW captured prey deeper than NRKW. These population-level differences in sex-specific foraging behavior challenge the existing paradigm that mothers are disproportionate foragers in gregarious killer whales, underscoring that an endangered population is employing a potentially unstable collective foraging strategy mismatched to recovery. Thus, our study provides a mechanistic link between fine-scale, collective foraging behavior and population health in an apex marine predator.</p>
Divergent foraging strategies between populations of sympatric matrilineal killer whales
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Population genomic analyses support sympatric origins of parapatric morphs in a salamander
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Population size shapes trade-off dilution and adaptation to a marginal niche unconstrained by sympatric habitual conditions
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Data from: Evolution and disappearance of sympatric Coregonus albula in a changing environment - a case study of the only remaining population pair in Sweden
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Genomic population structure of sympatric sexual and asexual populations in a parasitic wasp, Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), inferred from six hundred single-nucleotide polymorphism loci
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Data from: Patterns of genomic divergence and signals of selection in sympatric and allopatric northeastern Pacific and Sea of Cortez populations of the sargo (Anisotremus davidsonii) and longjaw mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis)
<p><span><span>Studying how isolation can impact population divergence and adaptation in co-distributed species can bring us closer to understanding how landscapes affect biodiversity. The Sargo, </span><i><span>Anisotremus davidsonii </span></i><span>(Haemulidae), and the Longjaw mudsucker, </span><i><span>Gillichthys mirabilis </span></i><span>(Gobiidae), offer a notable framework to study such mechanisms as their Pacific populations cross phylogeographic breaks at Point Conception, California, USA, and Punta Eugenia, Mexico, and are separated to those in the Sea of Cortez by the Baja California peninsula. Here, thousands of loci are genotyped from 48 Sargos and 73 mudsuckers using RADseq to characterize overall genomic divergence, and search for common patterns of putatively neutral and non-neutral structure based on outlier loci among populations with hypothesized different levels of isolation.</span></span><span> </span><span><span>We further search for parallels between population divergence and the total proportion of outliers, outlier </span></span><span><span>F</span><sub><span>ST</span></sub></span><span><span> distribution, and </span></span><span><span>the proportion of outliers matching coding regions in GenBank. This dataset consists of demultiplexed sequence data from Sbf1 single digest RADseq analysis of poulations of both fish species throughout their distributions. </span></span></p>
Sympatric pairings of dryland grass populations, mycorrhizal fungi, and associated soil biota enhance mutualism and ameliorate drought stress
<p>1. There is evidence that the distribution of ecotypes of plants and their symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other associated soil biota may be structured by the availability of essential soil nutrients; and that locally adapted partnerships most successfully acquire limiting nutrients. This study tests the hypotheses that plant genotypes are adapted to the water availability of their local environment, and this adaptation involves associations with local soil biota, including AM fungi. </p> <p>2. We grew semi-arid Bouteloua gracilis ecotypes from relatively wet and dry sites, with either sympatric or allopatric soil inoculum under moderate and extreme soil drying treatments to examine 1) how varying degrees of water limitation influence grass responses to soil biota, and 2) the relationship between AM fungal structures and these responses. </p> <p>3. Under extreme soil drying, the dry-site ecotype tended to perform better than the wet-site ecotype. Both ecotypes performed best in either drying treatment when inoculated with their sympatric soil biota. Sympatric pairings produced more AM fungal hyphae, arbuscules and dark septate fungi. Extreme soil drying tended to accentuate these apparent benefits of sympatry to both plants and fungal symbionts, relative to the moderate drying treatment. </p> <p>4. Our findings support the hypothesis that AM symbioses help Bouteloua gracilis ecotypes adapt to local water availability. This conclusion is based on the observations that as water became increasingly limited, sympatric partnerships produced more AM fungal hyphae and arbuscules and fewer vesicles. The abundances of hyphae and arbuscules were positively correlated with plant growth, suggesting that in sympatric pairs of plants and AM fungi, allocation to fungal structures is optimized to maximize benefits and minimize the costs of the symbioses. This provides strong evidence that co-adaptation among plants and their associated AM fungi can ameliorate drought stress.</p> <p>5. Synthesis: Our study documents the role of locally adapted soil borne plant symbionts in ameliorating water stress. We found a relationship between AM fungal structures in roots and plant performance. Generally, plants and fungi from the same site resulted in more positive effects on plant growth.</p>
Data from: Contracting patterns of diversity and population differentiation at the innate immunity gene Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in two sympatric rodent species
Comparing patterns of diversity and divergence between populations at immune genes and neutral markers can give insights into the nature and geographic scale of parasite-mediated selection. To date, studies investigating such patterns of selection in vertebrates have primarily focused on the acquired branch of the immune system, whereas it remains largely unknown how parasite-mediated selection shapes innate immune genes both within and across vertebrate populations. Here, we present a study on the diversity and population differentiation at the innate immune gene Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) across nine populations of yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in southern Sweden. In yellow-necked mice, TLR2 diversity was very low, as was TLR2 population differentiation compared to neutral loci. In contrast, several TLR2 haplotypes co-occurred at intermediate frequencies within and across bank vole populations, and pronounced isolation by distance between populations was observed. The diversity and differentiation at neutral loci was similar in the two species. These results indicate that parasite-mediated selection has been acting in dramatically different ways on a given immune gene in ecologically similar and sympatric species. Furthermore, the finding of TLR2 population differentiation at a small geographical scale in bank voles highlights that vertebrate innate immune defence may be evolutionarily more dynamic than has previously been appreciated.
Data from: Possible causes of divergent population trends in sympatric African herbivores
Sympatric herbivores experience similar environmental conditions but can vary in their population trends. Identifying factors causing these differences could assist conservation efforts aimed at maintaining fully functional ecosystems. From 1996 – 2013, tsessebe and wildebeest populations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, declined by 73% and 90%, respectively, whereas zebra populations remained stable. These sympatric, medium sized herbivores are exposed to similar natural and anthropogenic pressures, but apparently differ in their responses to those pressures. To identify factors that could cause these differences, we fitted GPS-enabled collars to six zebra, eight tsessebe and seven wildebeest in the Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana. We calculated utilisation distributions (UDs) from GPS data, and used 95% isopleths to compare seasonal home range size between species. We calculated utilisation intensity (UI) from the UDs and generated spatial layers representing resources and disturbances, and then used model averaging to identify factors affecting UI for each species. We calculated second and third order habitat selection ratios to determine whether species were habitat specialists or generalists. Zebra occupied larger home ranges than tsessebe and wildebeest, showed weaker responses to spatial variables and displayed no third order habitat selection; zebra social systems are also more fluid, allowing for information exchange between stable harems. Herbivore species that are sedentary, occupy small home ranges, are habitat specialists and exist in relatively isolated groups are likely to be less resistant and resilient to the rapid pace of environmental change forecast by climate change scenarios. Resources contained within existing protected areas are unlikely to maintain populations of such species at sufficiently high levels, potentially leading to functional extinction. Special precautions may be needed to ensure that such species can persist in the wild, such as buffer zones around existing protected areas, which would allow greater potential for adaptive movement should current environmental conditions change.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.