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Fig. 8 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 8. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. PMO 206.702. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa. A. Section 230, situated at the anterior tip of the jugal. Note also that the lacrimal has two ventral extensions, one on either side of the dorsal extension of the palatine. B. Section 250. Note that the posterior maxillary sinus has opened medially. C. Section 271. At this level, the frontal finally breaks through to the dorsal surface of the skull. D. Section 310, which cuts the anterior extremities of the ectopterygoid.

Fig. 7 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 7. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. PMO 206.702. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa. A. Section 90, cutting the fourth postcanine tooth. Above it, the root of the third postcanine can be discerned. B. Section 130, cutting the fifth postcanine tooth. This is the area immediately posterior to the choanae. Note the appearance of an intervomerine suture. C. Section 170. Note the appearance of the frontal bone and the lacrimal canal. D. Section 200. Note the appearance of the posterior maxillary sinus. The anterior pockets of the sinus appear in both the maxilla and the palatine. The canal for the maxillary branch of cranial nerve V can be seen on the right side of the figure. It enters the sinus immediately posterior to this section.

Fig. 6 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 6. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. PMO 206.702. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa. A. Section 40, showing the second postcanine tooth. Note the blunt crista choanalis. B. Section 60, cutting the second postcanine tooth and its replacement tooth.

Fig. 3 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 3. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa, PMO 206.702. The anterior part in ventral view, as reconstructed from serial grinding. Positions of some sections are indicated on the left. Grooves and troughs are indicated by horizontal hatching. The second and third postcanine teeth are in different stages of replacement. Distance between 100 sections equals 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 5. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa, PMO 206.702. The left anterior part in ventral "transparent" view, showing the major sinuses and canals of the snout. Positions of some sections are indicated to the left. The positions of the preserved teeth are drawn in thin lines and sinuses are shaded. The damaged anterior ends of the canals are drawn in dashed lines. Distance between 100 sections equals 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 4. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa, PMO 206.702. The anterior part in medial view, as reconstructed from serial grinding. Positions of some sections are indicated above. Diagonal hatching indicates areas cut by the plane of view. The orbitosphenoid has been removed, and openings of sinuses are shaded. Distance between 100 sections equals 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa

Fig. 2. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa, PMO 206.702. Schematic reconstruction of the anterior part in lateral view. Positions of some sections are indicated above. Some damaged parts are drawn in dashed lines. Distance between 100 sections equals 10 mm.

Figure 6 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 6. Time-calibrated strict consensus cladogram, depicting the survivorship of multiple anomodont lineages across the Permian–Triassic boundary. The stratigraphic ranges of the included anomodont species are plotted on a stratigraphic column that uses the well-established Permian–Triassic assemblage zones from the South African Karoo Basin (Rubidge, 1995) and the international marine stages (Gradstein et al., 2004) as basis. Stratigraphic ranges of the South African taxa are taken from Rubidge (1995) and Angielczyk & Kurkin (2003a), with the addition of Lanthanostegus (Modesto et al., 2002, 2003c) and Colobodectes (Modesto et al., 2003b). The stratigraphic range of Emydops is extended to fit the maximal range as proposed by Angielczyk, Fröbisch & Smith (2005). The stratigraphic position of the holotypic and only specimen of Cistecephaloides boonstrai (Cluver, 1974) is here considered to be in the upper part of the Cistecephalus AZ (Kitching, 1977). Correlation and stratigraphic ranges of the non-South African anomodont taxa from Russia, Scotland and Tanzania are based on Benton & Walker (1985), Gay & Cruickshank (1999), Angielczyk & Kurkin (2003a), Angielczyk (2004), Golubev (2005) and Rubidge (2005). Solid bars represent the known stratigraphic ranges, whereas open and grey bars indicate ghost lineages. Grey bars indicate the ghost lineages of survivors that cross the Permian–Triassic boundary.

Figure 5 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 5. Strict consensus cladogram of the six most parsimonious trees (332 steps; CI: 0.494; RI: 0.764; RC: 0.377). Italic numbers indicate bootstrap values above 50% and bold numbers indicate Bremer decay values. No Bremer decay values are shown for nodes that collapse at one extra step. Selected clade names are labelled and discussed in the text.

Figure 2 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 2. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in ventral view with the symphyseal region of the lower jaws removed to reveal the secondary palate. Photograph (C) of BP/1/430 in ventral view with the symphyseal region of the lower jaws in place, and drawing (D) of symphyseal region in ventral view. Photograph (E) and drawing (F) of symphyseal region of the lower jaws of BP/1/430 in dorsal view. The number (USNM 22936) visible in ventral view (A, C) of BP/1/430 indicates its original catalogue number at the Smithsonian Institution, before it was transferred to the collection of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, Johannesburg.

Figure 4 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 4. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in occipital view.

Figure 1 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 1. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in dorsal view.

Figure 3 in The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids

Figure 3. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the holotype of Kombuisia frerensis, specimen BP/1/430, in right lateral view, and photograph (C) and drawing (D) of BP/1/430 in left lateral view.

Figure 6 in An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)

Figure 6. Comparison of the left lateral skull roof and lower jaws of the akidnognathid Olivierosuchus parringtoni (BPI 3849) (A), the 'hofmeyriid' eutherocephalian Mirotenthes digitipes (UCMP 40467) (B) and the derived whaitsiid Theriognathus (BPI 512) (C). Numbers 11, 61, 83 and 110 refer to selected synapomorphies for the clade of 'hofmeyriids' plus whaitsiids (see Appendix 4). Bold numbers (18, 62, 66) refer to selected synapomorphies for the clade comprising all non-akidnognathid eutherocephalians ('hofmeyriids,' whaitsiids and baurioids). Scale bars equal 10 mm.

Figure 5 in An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)

Figure 5. Comparison of the ventral skull of the cynodont Procynosuchus delaharpeae (AMNH FR 8220) (A) and a subadult specimen of the akidnognathid therocephalian Olivierosuchus parringtoni (BPI 3849) (B). Numbers 38, 43, 44, 46 and 103 refer to selected therocephalian synapomorphies listed in Appendix 4. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

Figure 2 in An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)

Figure 2. Hypotheses of therocephalian relationships: A, Hopson & Barghusen (1986); (B) van den Heever (1994). Two hypotheses of basal therocephalian relationships are demonstrated in (B): the 'Pristerosauria' hypothesis (left) and the 'Scylacosauria' hypothesis (right).

Figure 3 in An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)

Figure 3. An hypothesis of the cladistic relationships of therocephalian therapsids, based on a 50% majority-rule consensus of four most-parsimonious trees (MPTs). Tree length, 260; consistency index (CI), 0.5346; retention index (RI), 0.7763; rescaled CI, 0.4150. Numbers at the nodes indicate consensus indices/bootstrap values. Note that Ictidostoma, Mirotenthes, Hofmeyria, Viatkosuchus, Moschowhaitsia and Theriognathus form a monophyletic clade, and relationships within Baurioidea are illustrated by a pectinate tree topology with Ericiolacerta + Bauria located in a crownward position.

Figure 1 in An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)

Figure 1. Skulls of selected therocephalians in left lateral view (not to scale): A, the scylacosaurid Glanosuchus (based on van den Heever, 1994); B, the akidnognathid eutherocephalian Moschorhinus (redrawn from Durand, 1991); C, the eutherocephalian Mirotenthes (based on UCMP 40467); D, the whaitsiid eutherocephalian Theriognathus (based on UCM 23381 and Brink, 1980); E, the basal baurioid Ictidosuchoides (modified from Brink, 1960b, 1988); F, the derived baurioid Bauria (redrawn from Brink, 1963). Abbreviations: b d, bowed dentary; c, dominant caniniform; d v p, dentary ventral process; e m pc, edentulous maxillary postcanine plate; ept, epipterygoid; m p, mastoid process; m pc, multicusped postcanines; m sob, maxillary extension of the suborbital bar; p po, postorbital process; pof, postfrontal; prc, precanine; r p, premaxilla rostral process; sq v p, squamosal ventral process.

Figure 4 in An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)

Figure 4. Temporal distribution and diversification of therocephalian therapsids during the Late Permian and Early Triassic (standardized to the stratigraphy of the Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup, southern Africa). Taxon sampling and tree topology are from the consensus tree illustrated in Figure 3. Broken lines indicate uncertain ranges. Temporal distributions are largely reconstructed from Rubidge (1995), Ward et al. (2005) and Abdala et al. (2008).