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171 results for “thermoregulation”
Out in the open: behavior's effect on predation-risk and thermoregulation by aposematic caterpillars
Warning coloration should be under strong stabilizing selection but often displays considerable intraspecific variation. Opposing selection on color by predators and temperature is one potential explanation for this seeming paradox. Despite the importance of behavior for both predator avoidance and thermoregulation, its role in mediating selection by predators and temperature on warning coloration has received little attention. Wood tiger moth caterpillars, <i>Arctia plantaginis</i>, have aposematic coloration, an orange patch on the black body. The size of the orange patch varies considerably: individuals with larger patches are safer from predators, but having a small patch is beneficial in cool environments. We investigated microhabitat preference by these caterpillars and how it interacted with their coloration. We expected caterpillar behavior to reflect a balance between spending time exposed to maximize basking and spending time concealed to avoid detection by predators. Instead, we found that caterpillars preferred exposed locations regardless of their coloration. Whether caterpillars were exposed or concealed had a strong effect on both temperature and predation risk, but caterpillars in exposed locations were both much warmer and less likely to be attacked by a bird predator (great tits, <i>Parus major</i>). This shared optimum may explain why we observed so little variation in caterpillar behavior and demonstrates the important effects of behavior on multiple functions of coloration.
Dataset: Thermoregulation of understory birds in lowland Amazonia
<p>Understanding the capacity for thermoregulation is critical for predicting organismal vulnerability to climate change, especially in lowland tropical rainforests, where warming conditions combine with high humidity and limited elevational or latitudinal refugia. Here, I focused on nine species of ground-foraging insectivorous birds in the genus <em>Myrmoderus</em>, <em>Myrmornis</em>, <em>Hylopezus</em>, <em>Myrmothera</em>, <em>Formicarius</em>, <em>and Sclerurus</em>—sensitive forest specialists characterized by recently documented population declines in both disturbed and undisturbed forests. Using high-resolution data from loggers deployed on birds and their environment, I examined whether and how birds used thermoregulation and whether ambient water provided cooling opportunities. Variation in the rate of temperature change over the diel cycle suggested that all species employed behavioral and physiological thermoregulation, but some patterns differed by species' phylogenetic relatedness. All species warmed hours before their environment at sunrise, then experienced lower temperature increases at midday relative to the ambient thermal flux. These morning warming periods peaked around sunrise for all but <em>Sclerurus rufigularis</em> and constituted the diel temperature change maxima for five of the nine species. Six species exhibited pronounced oscillations in temperature change consistent with regular bathing around sunset, possibly for thermoregulatory or other purposes. This oscillation was the most prominent feature in the diel thermal flux for all three <em>Sclerurus</em> species and, to a lesser extent, for <em>Myrmoderus ferrugineus</em>, <em>Myrmornis torquata</em>, and <em>Myrmothera campanisona</em>. Local rainfall reduced ambient temperatures, and birds experienced stronger cooling in the wet season and with higher rainfall intensity. However, rain-induced cooling events were markedly absent in all three <em>Sclerurus </em>spp. These results highlight the fundamental role of water in avian thermoregulation and suggest that terrestrial insectivores attempt to maintain thermal homeostasis throughout the diel cycle. The observed thermoregulatory behaviors highlight a potentially critical aspect of their vulnerability—thermal regimes are profoundly altered by forest disturbance, climate change, and their combination.</p>
Thermoregulation of European bats inhabiting artificial roosts
<p><span>Anthropogenic land use changes, such as deforestation and commercial forestry, have substantially reduced natural roost sites for European bats. </span><span>A common conservation solution is to provide artificial roosts (i.e., bat boxes), but there are concerns that these </span><span>can become hotter than natural roosts in summer and could be death traps during heat waves. Nevertheless, females of several bat species form maternity colonies in these boxes, thus occupying hotter and more humid microclimates than solitarily roosting males. We tested if cooling </span><span>efficiency</span><span> and heat tolerance differ between sexes in European bats, and estimated the evaporative water requirements of living in bat boxes during hot summer days.</span></p> <p><span>We used indirect calorimetry and thermometry to </span><span>quantify thermoregulation at high air temperatures (T<sub>a</sub>) in four species of verspitilionid bats that regularly occupy artificial roosts. We measured resting metabolic heat production, evaporative water loss rates (EWL), and body temperature (T<sub>b</sub>) at </span><span>T<sub>a</sub> between 28 </span><span>°C and 48 °C during summer. We predicted that females have higher evaporative cooling capacity (evaporative heat loss/metabolic heat production)</span><span> than males, allowing them to reach their heat tolerance limit at higher T<sub>a</sub>.</span></p> <p><span>We found no sex differences in maximum evaporative cooling efficiency, maximum T<sub>b</sub>, and maximum T<sub>a</sub> tolerated. However, the patterns of increasing EWL with T<sub>a</sub> differed between sexes. Females tolerated higher T<sub>a</sub> before increasing EWL than males and then rapidly increased EWL to higher values than males at the maximum T<sub>a</sub> tolerated. These sex differences in heat‑dissipation strategies may reflect varying ecological and physiological constraints associated with different summer roosting habits.</span></p> <p><span>Our study revealed that small European bat species are already at risk of succumbing to lethal dehydration during present-day heat waves. For conservation managers working with common European bat species, particularly those in monoculture forests with woodcrete bat-boxes, our physiologically-informed recommendations include positioning boxes in diverse locations varying in aspect and sun exposure. This will ensure thermal heterogeneity of roost sites and provide a wide gradient of microclimate conditions, allowing for roost switching when necessary.</span></p>
Systemic application of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 induces tail vasodilation in a mouse model of thermoregulation
<p>In humans, skin is a primary thermoregulatory organ, with vasodilation leading to rapid body cooling, whereas in Rodentia the tail performs an analogous function. Many thermodetection mechanisms are likely to be involved including transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4), an ion channel with thermosensitive properties. Previous studies have shown that TRPV4 is a vasodilator by local action in blood vessels, so here we investigated whether constitutive TRPV4 activity effects <em>Mus muscularis</em> tail vascular tone and thermoregulation. We measured tail blood flow by pressure plethysmography in lightly sedated Mus muscularis (CD1 strain) at a range of ambient temperatures, with and without intraperitoneal administration of the blood brain barrier crossing TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. We also measured heart rate and blood pressure. As expected for a thermoregulatory organ, we found that tail blood flow increased with temperature. However, unexpectedly we found that GSK2193874 increased tail blood flow at all temperatures, and we observed changes in heart rate variability. Since local TRPV4 activation causes vasodilation that would increase tail blood-flow, these data suggest that increases in tail blood flow resulting from the TRPV4 antagonist may arise from a site other than the blood vessels themselves, perhaps in central cardiovascular control centres.</p>
Respirometry protocols for avian thermoregulation at high air temperatures: stepped and steady-state profiles yield similar results
<p>Relationships between air temperature (Tair) and avian body temperature (Tb), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and evaporative water loss (EWL) during acute heat exposure can be quantified through respirometry using several approaches. One involves birds exposed to a stepped series of progressively increasing Tair setpoints for short periods (< 20-30 min), whereas a second seeks to achieve steady-state conditions by exposing birds to a single Tair for longer periods (> 1-2 h). To compare these two approaches, we measured Tb, RMR and EWL over Tair = 28 C to 44 C in the dark-capped bulbul (Pycnonotus tricolor). The two protocols yielded indistinguishable values of Tb, RMR and EWL and related variables at most Tair values, revealing that both are appropriate for quantifying avian thermal physiology during heat exposure over the range of Tair in the present study. The stepped protocol, however, has several ethical and practical advantages. </p>
Lizard thermoregulation revisited after two decades of global warming
<p>Global warming should have a deep impact on thermoregulation by ectothermic animals such as lizards, because they rely on behavior to select the microhabitats that allow them to keep their body temperature within their preferred -and physiologically optimal- range of temperatures. However, there is a paucity of studies that use the same methods, after a long enough period of environmental warming, to evaluate how much the body temperatures and regulatory behaviors of a given population of lizards have been affected by climate change.</p> <p>We chose a population of <em>Psammodromus algirus</em> lizards inhabiting a well-conserved temperate open forest, and we compared several thermoregulation parameters between the summers of 1997 and 2017:</p> <ol> <li>Body temperatures (T<sub>b</sub>s) of field-active lizards,</li> <li>Environmental operative temperatures, that are the temperatures ‘available’ to lizards and can be estimated using randomly distributed physical models that integrate environmental heat loads (air and substrate temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, etc.) in the same way as lizards do,</li> <li>The extent to which both T<sub>b</sub>s and operative temperatures deviate from the summer ‘target’ range, which for this species is 32.8-36.9 ºC (the ‘target’ range, or T<sub>sel</sub>, is measured in a laboratory thermal gradient where lizards can select their T<sub>b</sub>s with no physical or biotic restrictions); and</li> <li>The selection (use as opposed to availability) of sunlit and shaded patches along the day, that can be estimated by comparing the distributions of lizards (use) and randomly positioned physical models (availability).</li> </ol> <p>Both T<sub>b</sub>s and environmental operative temperatures increased over the 20-years period examined; in 2017, 52% of field T<sub>b</sub>s (N = 65) were above the target range, in sharp contrast with the T<sub>b</sub>s selected by lizards in a laboratory thermal gradient, where only 2% of 43 T<sub>b</sub>s were above the target range. Also, the selection of shaded patches in the field (87% of lizards in full shade<em>, </em>against less than 1% in full sun) was more intense than in 1997. In spite of this, both T<sub>b</sub>s and their average distance to the target range were larger in 2017 (when only 8% of all available operative temperatures were within or below T<sub>sel</sub>) than in 1997 (when most shaded patches offered favourable thermal opportunities, with plenty of operative temperatures within or below T<sub>sel</sub>).</p> <p>Thus, our data suggest that the low availability of operative temperatures within or below T<sub>sel</sub>, at least in mid-summer days, is forcing lizards to reach T<sub>b</sub>s above their preferred range. This implies that the effects of global warming are already hindering the ability of reptiles to buffer environmental change by behavioral means (although lizards could compensate these detrimental effects by being active earlier in the year and/or enlarging their daily activity time in early spring or late autumn).</p>
A desert bee thermoregulates with an abdominal convector during flight
<p>Flying endothermic insects thermoregulate, likely to improve flight performance. Males of the Sonoran Desert bee, <em>Centris caesalpiniae</em> Cockerell, seek females at aggregations beginning at sunrise and cease flight near midday when air temperature peaks. To identify the thermoregulatory mechanisms for <em>C. caesalpiniae</em> males, we measured tagma temperatures, wingbeat frequency, water loss rates, metabolic rates, and tagma masses of flying bees across shaded air temperatures of 19 to 38°C. Surface area, wet mass, and dry mass declined with air temperature, suggesting that individual bees do not persist for the entire morning. The largest bees may be associated with cool, early mornings because they are best able to warm themselves and/or because they run the risk of overheating in the hot afternoons. Thorax temperatures were high (38 to 45°C) and were moderately well-regulated, while head and abdomen temperatures were cooler and less controlled. Abdomen temperatures converged on thorax temperatures as air temperature rose, indicating active heat transfer from the pubescent thorax to the relatively bare abdomen with warming. The mass-specific metabolic rate increased with time, air, and thorax temperatures, but wingbeat frequency did not vary. Mass-specific water loss rate increased with air temperature. Using a heat budget model, we showed that whole-body convective conductance increased through the morning, and that the primary mechanism of regulating thorax temperature during flight for these bees is increased use of the abdomen as a convector at higher air temperatures. </p>
Data from: The two environmental drivers of thermoregulatory costs: Interactions between thermal mean and heterogeneity influence thermoregulation
<p>Ectotherms often thermoregulate behaviourally within variable thermal environments in their attempts to acquire optimal body temperatures. Thermoregulation accrues benefits, but also incurs costs, which are crucial for understanding thermoregulatory behaviour. Costs of thermoregulating are influenced by two key attributes of the thermal environment – heterogeneity of thermal microhabitats and the deviation of the mean temperature from an animal's preferred temperature. However, empirical research has rarely distinguished between these two drivers of thermoregulatory costs or examined them concurrently.</p> <p>Our experiment used a novel thermoregulatory arena to examine the independent and interactive effects of the two environmental drivers of costs of thermoregulation on the thermoregulatory behaviour of a small ectotherm, the jacky dragon (<em>Amphibolurus muricatus</em>).</p> <p>Following previous theory we predicted that i) thermoregulation would be higher in environments with greater thermal heterogeneity (body temperatures closer to preferred temperatures, higher thermoregulatory accuracy, and higher effectiveness of thermoregulation); and ii) changes in thermoregulation as a function of mean environmental temperatures would differ depending on thermal heterogeneity.</p> <p>We found support for our prediction that these two environmental attributes had an interactive effect on thermoregulation, but not for our prediction that thermal heterogeneity would impact thermoregulation independently. Individuals in highly heterogeneous environments maintained greater thermoregulatory accuracy compared with those in less heterogeneous environments as the mean environment increasingly deviated from the preferred temperature range.</p> <p>The results emphasise the crucial conceptual distinction between thermal mean and heterogeneity as drivers of thermoregulatory costs and how this distinction underpins variation in the thermal behaviour of ectotherms.</p>
Figure 6 in Effect of mound size on intranest thermoregulation in the red wood ants Formicarufa and F. polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Figure 6. The dependence of heat fluxes on mound sizes in F. rufa and F. polyctena.
Figure 4 in Effect of mound size on intranest thermoregulation in the red wood ants Formicarufa and F. polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Figure 4. Kernel density estimation of F.rufa and F. polyctena nest illuminations.
Cardiovascular contributions and energetic costs of thermoregulation in ectothermic vertebrates
<p>Unfiltered data used in the manuscript with file descriptions. Includes R script and example datasets for reproducing figure 1, as well as animating figure 1 for the box turtle and painted turtle (body temperature - black solid line, ambient temperature - black dotted line, and heart rate - red solid line).</p>
Data for: Allometry reveals trade-offs between Bergmann's and Allen's rules, and different avian adaptive strategies for thermoregulation
<p>Animals tend to decrease in body size (Bergmann's rule) and elongate appendages (Allen's rule) in warm climates. However, it is unknown whether these patterns depend on each other or constitute independent responses to thermal environment. Here, based on a global phylogenetic comparative analysis across 99.7% of the world's bird species, we show that the way in which the relative length of unfeathered appendages co-varies with temperature depends on body size and vice versa. First, the larger the body, the greater the increase in beak length with temperature. Second, the temperature-based increase in tarsus length is apparent only in larger birds, whereas in smaller birds, tarsus length decreases with temperature. Third, body size and the length of beak and tarsus interact each other to predict the species' temperature preferences. These findings suggest that the animals' body size and shape are products of an evolutionary compromise that reflects distinct alternative thermoregulatory adaptations.</p>
Data from: Behavioral thermoregulation of caterpillars is altered by temperature, but not parasitism: an empirical field study
<p>Laboratory assays show that parasites often have lower heat tolerance than their hosts. But how physiological tolerances and behavioral responses of hosts and parasites combine to affect their ecological interactions in heterogeneous field environments is largely unknown. We addressed this challenge using the model insect system of the braconid wasp parasitoid, <em>Cotesia congregata</em>, and its caterpillar host, <em>Manduca sexta</em>. We used experimental manipulations of microclimate in the field to determine how elevated daytime temperatures altered the behavior, performance, and survival of the host and parasite. Our experimental manipulation increased daily maximum temperatures on host plants, but had negligible effects on overall mean temperature. These increased maximum temperatures resulted in subtle, biologically relevant, changes in physiology and behavior of the host and parasitoid. We found that parasitism by the wasp did not significantly alter caterpillar thermoregulatory behavior, while experimentally increased daily maximum temperatures resulted in both parasitized and unparasitized caterpillars being found more frequently in cooler microhabitats. Overall, we did not observe the complete parasitoid mortality seen at extreme temperatures in laboratory studies, but gained insight into sublethal effects of increased daily maximum temperatures on host and parasitoid behavior and physiology. Climate change will alter both the biotic and abiotic environments that organisms face, and we show here that empirical experiments in the field are important for understanding organismal response to these new environments. </p>
Data and code for Body colour drives optimal insect phenology via thermoregulation
<p>Data and code for the manuscript entitled: "Body colour drives optimal insect phenology via thermoregulation"<br> by Roberto Novella-Fernandez, Roland Brandl, Stefan Pinkert, Dirk Zeuss, Christian Hof.</p>
Behavioural thermoregulation and food availability drives fine-scale seasonal habitat partitioning in limpets
<ol> <li>Small-scale spatial variation in temperature plays a key role in limiting the distribution of organisms in thermally heterogeneous environments. In the rocky intertidal zone, intra-day temperature variation at small scales (cm-m) can easily exceed 30°C.</li> <li>To experimentally test the impact of this small-scale temperature heterogeneity on the distribution of an ecologically important limpet species (<em>Cellana</em> <em>denticulata</em>), boulders on an intertidal rocky reef in New Zealand were rotated, and small-scale temperature variability and food availability were measured throughout one year. Small-scale variability in thermal tolerance, heart rate, and heat shock protein expression was also measured to relate in situ limpet distributions with environmental conditions. Temperature variability was measured using limpet bio-mimics and HOBO pendant temperature loggers, while food availability (chlorophyll <em>a</em> concentration) was measured on in situ concrete fiberboard tiles.</li> <li>To measure limpet distributions, every tagged limpet on each of 18 boulders was followed from June 2021–2022. During each sampling, the location of each limpet, compass direction, and slope of the surface that each limpet inhabited were measured. To test for physiological differences among limpets from each microhabitat, thermal tolerance, and heat shock protein expression were measured in collected limpets; in situ heart rates and body temperatures were also measured sporadically on hot days.</li> <li>Maximum predicted body temperatures (36–39°C), heart rates, and actual body temperatures were greatest on equatorial surfaces (i.e., surfaces facing the equator) whereas food availability was greatest on poleward-facing surfaces. During summer, limpets moved towards surfaces that minimised their body temperatures and maximised food availability, namely vertical and poleward facing surfaces and undersides of boulders.</li> <li>Thermal tolerance, measured using Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures (mean ± SE: 34.7–35.8 ± 0.4–0.7°C) and flat line temperatures (36.2–37.4 ± 0.3–0.4°C), were similar among limpets facing different directions. Surprisingly, heat shock protein expression was relatively consistent throughout the year and among directions.</li> <li>Overall, limpet populations are resilient to thermal stress because they effectively use behavioural thermoregulation to exploit cooler microhabitats that also have greater food availability during summer.</li> </ol>
Melanistic coloration does not influence thermoregulation in the crepuscular gecko Eublepharis macularius
<p>Body coloration in ectotherms serves multiple biological functions, including avoiding predators, communicating with conspecific individuals, and involvement in thermoregulation. As ectotherms rely on environmental sources of heat to regulate their internal body temperature, stable melanistic body coloration or color change can be used to increase or decrease heat absorption and heat exchange with the environment. While the function of melanistic coloration for thermoregulation increases solar radiation absorption for heating in many diurnal ectotherms, research on crepuscular and nocturnal ectotherms is lacking. Since crepuscular and nocturnal ectotherms generally absorb heat from the substrate, in these organisms melanistic coloration may have other primary functions besides thermoregulation. As such, in this work, we hypothesized that the proportion of dorsal melanistic body coloration would not influence heating and cooling rates in the crepuscular gecko, <em>Eublepharis</em> <em>macularius</em>, and that changes in environmental temperature would not trigger color changes in this species. Temperature measurements of the geckos and of the environment were taken using infrared thermography and temperature loggers. Color data were obtained using objective photography and a newly developed custom software package. We found that body temperature reflected substrate temperatures, and that the proportion of melanistic coloration has no influence on heating or cooling rates or on color changes. These findings support that melanistic coloration in <em>E. macularius</em> may not be used for thermoregulation and strengthen the hypothesis that in animals active in low light conditions, melanistic coloration may be used instead for camouflage or other functions.</p>
Observational Examination of Thermoregulation in Total Joint Arthroplasty
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02225743. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Thermoregulation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03506646. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 12.
Systemic application of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 induces tail vasodilation in a mouse model of thermoregulation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Melanistic coloration does not influence thermoregulation in the crepuscular gecko Eublepharis macularius
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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