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188 results for “time evolution”
Supplementary Data for: A time-calibrated 'Tree of Life' of aquatic insects for knitting historical patterns of evolution and measuring extant phylogenetic biodiversity across the world
<p>This compendium of files includes the dated phylogenetic tree in Newick format (<strong>Data S1</strong>), the list of statistical routines used for the three empirical case studies (<strong>Data S2</strong>), and the high-resolution version of the figures in the supplementary materials and main text (<strong>Data S3</strong>) for the <em>Earth-Science Reviews</em> paper "A time-calibrated ‘Tree of Life’ of aquatic insects for knitting historical patterns of evolution and measuring extant phylogenetic biodiversity across the world", which is under consideration. The best-scoring molecular tree (<strong>Data S1</strong>) can be opened using freely available programs like R (R Development Core Team, 2021), Dendroscope (Huson and Scornavacca, 2012), and FigTree (Rambaut, 2018).</p> <p>Please, feel free to send an email to the maintainer Dr. Jorge García Girón (jogarg@unileon.es OR Jorge.Garcia-Giron@oulu.fi) if you face any trouble downloading, opening, or using these files.</p> <ul> <li>Huson, D. H., & Scornavacca, C. (2012). Dendroscope 3: An interactive tool for rooted phylogenetic trees and networks. <em>Systematic Biology</em>, <em>61(6)</em>, 1061–1067.</li> <li>R Development Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/</li> <li>Rambaut, A. (2018). FigTree. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/</li> </ul>
Planetary Atmosphere-Interior Model Outputs from Time-Evolution Movie
<p>This array contains the outputs from the movie version of Fig. 2 in Krissansen-Totton et al. (2021, Nature Astronomy). The numpy array can be loaded as follows</p> <p>Outputs = np.load("Output_arrays.npy",allow_pickle=True)</p> <p>The array has format Outputs[i][k][j]</p> <p>where i = 0, ... 5 (total_time, pO2, pCO2, pH2O, Tsurf, and AU)</p> <p>k = 0 , ..., 1437 is the iteration number</p> <p>j = 0 , ... , 2000 is the time index</p> <p>(AU is just a scalar providing orbital separation of that iteration)</p>
FIGURE 18 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 18. Ancestral state reconstruction of prey capture strategies and prey type preference in stem and crown Mysticeti. Topology follows Gatesy et al. (2013) and Fordyce and Marx (2018). Details on the tree can be found in Appendix 1. All data matrices and complete trees with branch lengths can be found in the Supplementary Information (https://doi.org/10.6086/d14671).
FIGURE 3 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 3. Anatomical features associated with suction feeding in walrus (Odobenus rosmarus skull, from Jefferson et al., 2015) and North Sea beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens skull, authors' work).
FIGURE 11 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 11. Sirenia stem and familial level diversity through time. "Protosirenidae / Prorastomidae" includes all taxa that are not included in the two extant groups. Dashed vertical lines: black, epoch boundaries; gray, age boundaries.
FIGURE 7 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 7. Pinnipedimorpha stem taxa and familial level diversity through time. "Stem-Pinnipedimorpha" includes all stem taxa that are not included in Desmatophocidae and the three extant groups. Dashed vertical lines: black, epoch boundaries; gray, age boundaries.
FIGURE 5 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 5. Anatomical features associated with grazing in African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis skull, from Werth, 2000), Desmostylia (Paleoparadoxia skull, public domain), and aquatic sloth (Thalassocnus sp. skull, modified from de Muizon et al., 2004).
FIGURE 8 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 8. Cetacean stem and Neoceti taxa diversity through time. "Archaeoceti" includes all stem taxa that are not included in the two extant groups. Dashed vertical lines: black, epoch boundaries; gray, age boundaries.
FIGURE 16 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 16. Ancestral state reconstruction of prey capture strategies and tooth pattern and cusp shape in Odobenidae. Topology follows Berta et al. (2018). Details on the tree can be found in Appendix 1. All data matrices and complete trees with branch lengths can be found in the Supplementary Information uploaded to Dryad repository (https:// doi.org/10.6086/d14671).
FIGURE 17 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 17. Ancestral state reconstruction of prey type preference in stem and crown Pinnipedimorpha. Topology follows Rybczynski et al. (2009), Dewaele et al. (2017), and Berta et al. (2018). Details on the tree can be found in Appendix 1. All data matrices and complete trees with branch can be found in the Supplementary Information (https:// doi.org/10.6086/d14671).
FIGURE 19 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 19. Ancestral state reconstruction of prey capture strategies and tooth pattern and cusp shape in stem Odontoceti. Topology follows Gatesy et al. (2013) and Boessenecker et al. (2017). Details on the tree can be found in Appendix 1. All data matrices and complete trees with branch lengths can be found in the Supplementary Information (https://doi.org/10.6086/d14671).
FIGURE 20 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 20. Ancestral state reconstruction of prey capture strategies and tooth pattern and cusp shape in crown Odontoceti. Topology follows McGowen et al. (2009) and Gatesy et al. (2013). Details on the tree can be found in Appendix 1. All data matrices and complete trees with branch lengths can be found in the Supplementary Information (https://doi.org/10.6086/d14671).
FIGURE 1 in Feeding in marine mammals: An integration of evolution and ecology through time
FIGURE 1. Feeding strategies of extant marine mammal predators (from Kienle et al., 2017) with the addition of grazing (sirenians, authors' work).
Fig. 6. Divergence times estimated from a in Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
Fig. 6. Divergence times estimated from a concatenated data set of per, COX1 and ITS2 sequences for the Lucilia bufornivora species group. Substitution model and relaxed clock models were unlinked for each gene. The tree was calibrated by setting the root to the node age corresponding to the split between Luciilinae and Calliphorinae subfamilies (~19 mya) as estimated by Wallman et al. (2005). Blue bars represent 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of each node age. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 13 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution
Fig. 13. Map showing potential Akchagylian transgression mechanisms and possible connection points with brief outline of the requirements for each and the observed phenomena each would be able to explain. The main mechanisms discussed are climate driven base level rise and connection with an adjacent basin. Three potential adjacent water bodies are considered as the source of incoming water (Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean and the Black Sea). For each of the three two potential gateways are suggested.
Fig. 10 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution
Fig. 10. Left: Correlation of late Pliocene - Pleistocene continental stages and reference faunas of the Pontocaspian domain with standard chronostratigraphy and mammal-based biochronological units. Right: Map of mammal reference localities. MN 16: Early Villafranchian/Early Villanyian 1) Diliska (N41.43, E43.46), 2) Kushkuna 1 (N41.28, E45.45), 3) Veselovka (N45.13, E36.92). MN 17: Middle Villafranchian/ Late Villanyian 4) Sablya (N44.53, E43.23¬), 5) Kryzhanovka 1,2 (N46.56, E30.8), 6) Kotsakhuri (N41.35, E46.23), 7) Kryzhanovka 3 (N46.56, E30.8). MN 17-MQ1: Late Villafranchian/Late Villanyian-Early Biharian 8) Muhkai 2 (N42.25, E47.36), 9) Psekups (N44.73, E39.23), 10) Dmanisi (N41.33, E44.34), 11) Tsalka (N41.6, E44.09). Late Villafranchian – Early Galerian / Early Biharian 12) Duzdag 1 (N40.68, E46.89), 13) Tizdar (N45.36, E37.1), 14) Nesmeyanovka (N47.29, E41.5), 15) Sarkel (N47.7, E42.2), 16) Iskra (N45.35, E36.83), 17) Akhalkalaki (N41.4, E43.48). Galerian / Late Biharian 18) Margaritovo 2 (N46.94, E38.87), 19) Haykadzor (N40.54, E43.65). Aurelian / Toringian 20) Chernyi Yar (N48.01, E46.11).
Fig. 14 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution
Fig. 14. The successive mollusc faunas in the Pontocaspian region provide clear insights into basin connection and isolation. Age and MIS zonation from Cohen et al. (2013). H = Holocene; LP = Late Pleistocene. Regional phases: CN = Chernomorian; Ne = Neoeuxinian; Ka = Karangatian; Uz = Uzunlarian; Ch= Chaudian; Gu = Gurian; Ku = Kujalnikian; NC = Novocaspian; Kv = Khvalynian; Hi = Hircanian; u-Kz = upper or late Khazarian; l-Kz = lower or early Khazarian; Ba = Bakunian; Ap = Apsheronian; Ak = Akshagylian. Representative bivalve species: (1) Flexopecten glaber; (2) Didacna pseudocrassa; (3) Didacnocatilus guriensis; (4) Submonodacna pleistopleura; (5) Avicardium rariiferum; (6) Avimactra subcaspia; (7) Apsheronia raricostata s.l.; (8) Apsheronia propinqua s.l.; (9) Didacna subpyramidata (1) from Büyükmeriç et al., 2016; (2) from Nevesskaya, 2007; (5-8) from Kolesnikov, 1940.
Fig. 8 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution
Fig. 8. Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain. GPTS with Systems and Stages is after Hilgen et al. (2012), oxygen isotope curve with numbered Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) is after Lisiecki and Raymo (2005). On the right side are the time scales for the Caspian Basin and the Black Sea Basin.
Fig. 7 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution
Fig. 7. Paleogeographic maps for the late Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. Arrows indicate the water flow direction in the gateway regions. All maps are based on Yanina (2014).
Fig. 6 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution
Fig. 6. Schematic reconstruction of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea water-level curves in comparison to global oxygen isotopes records of Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) during the Pleistocene to Holocene. Associated interbasinal water exchanges marked by arrows pointing to the right for Mediterranean waters flooding into the Black Sea, arrows pointing to the left for Caspian Sea waters flooding into the Black Sea and double arrows for bidirectional water exchange between Black Sea and Caspian Sea. N.B. Two options exist in literature regarding the position of the Singilian: *Svitoch (2013b and references therein) and **Zastrozhnov et al. (2018 and references therein).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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OpenNeuro
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