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70 results for “tree height”
Individual tree height and diameter measurements of Birch spp. in central Sweden (2005 - 2022)
The spacing trial in Skräddarbo was established in 1989 on former agricultural land, testing four square spacing configurations: 1.3 × 1.3 m, 1.5 × 1.5 m, 1.8 × 1.8 m, and 2.6 × 2.6 m. Each spacing treatment was replicated four times for both silver birch and downy birch, totaling 32 plots across approximately 1.2 hectares. Each plot was planted with 100 seedlings, with varying plot sizes based on spacing. Species were randomly assigned to pre-determined plot locations. Data collection began in 2005 and continued annually until 2022 (except 2021). The data includes individual tree height, diameter and living crown measurements. Diameter measurements were recorded cross-sectionally, using a digital caliper, whereas tree height and living crown measurements were done using a hypsometer (Haglöf Vertex Laser Geo). Additional variables include plot area, tree id numbers and other constant variables. The data package is complete with the last revision done by the author in 2022.
Tree growth (height and average basal area increment) and herbivory measurements 20 years after the 1994 Hajdukovich Creek burn
This dataset contains height, diameter at breast height, and average basal area increment of aspen and black spruce from historical sites established in the Hajdukovich Creek burn. 12 pre-established sites were used, 6 from both low and high fire severity. Sites were sampled in 2014, 20 years after the fire. Furthermore, for each individual the distance from sampling point (plotless density), levels of past herbivory, health, basal age (number of tree rings visible from basal disk), age of the tree at 3 meters height, and age and height of some collected twig clusters (evidence of past herbivory) is included.
Tree regeneration after fire: Delta 1994 burn surveys, data to develop allometric equations re. seedling height or diameter to dry biomass
Data for this study were collected in 2001 and 2002 by Jill Johnstone (University of Alaska Fairbanks) and Eric Kasischke (University of Maryland). Sites were located within the perimeter of the 1994 burn southeast of Delta Junction Alaska, USA, bordering the Alaska Highway to the North and the Gerstle River to the West. Sites were selected from satellite classifications prepared by Eric Kasischke to represent different levels of burn severity and post-fire vegetation canopy greenness (NDVI). Site selection was constrained by road access, and only areas where all trees had been killed by the fire were selected. At each site, a central point was located in an area of visually homogeneous vegetation. Five parallel transects, each 50 m long, were laid out as follows: 1) the first transect started at the central point and followed a randomly-selected compass direction, 2) two additional transects were established parallel to the first, but at a random distance from the central transect up to 25 m distant. Vegetation was sampled in a 2-m wide belt centered on each transect, and soil samples were made at intervals along the transect line. Vegetation measurements included: a) basal diameters of all pre-fire trees greater than 1.3 m in height, b) counts of all post-fire tree seedlings, and c) basal diameters of tree seedlings and willows, measured in a randomly chosen 5x2 m portion of each transect. General notes were made on visual percent cover of different vegetation growth forms at the site. Destructive measurements of tree seedlings and willows made in 2001 were used to develop allometric equations to predict dry biomass from basal diameter. Measurements of soil organic layer depth were made at 5 m intervals with the use of a spade to excavate small chunks of sod. At one randomly-selected sample point per transect, a 10x10 cm sample of the organic layer was collected for bulk density measurements. Bulk density samples were dried in a 60degC oven for 48 hours and then w
L4B - Maximum tree height map for the Brazilian Amazon
<p>Maximum tree height distribution estimated by the Random Forest model based on the environmental variables. To explore the influence and importance of the environmental variables for development in tree height, we employed Random Forest modeling, which consists of generating a large number of regression trees, each constructed considering a random data subset. The regression trees are used to identify the best sequence to split the solution space to estimate the output. Were considered 18 environmental variables: (1) fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR; in %); (2) elevation above sea level (Elevation; in m); (3) the component of the horizontal wind towards east, i.e. zonal velocity (u-speed ; in m s<sup>-1</sup>); (4) the component of the horizontal wind towards north, i.e. meridional velocity (v-speed ; in m s<sup>-1</sup>); (5) the number of days not affected by cloud cover (clear days; in days yr<sup>-1</sup>); (6) the number of days with precipitation above 20 mm (days > 20mm; in days yr<sup>-1</sup> ); (7) the number of months with precipitation below 100 mm (months < 100mm; in months yr<sup>-1</sup> ) ; (8) lightning frequency (flashes rate); (9) annual precipitation (in mm); (10) potential evapotranspiration (in mm); (11) coefficient of variation of precipitation (precipitation seasonality; in %); (12) amount of precipitation on the wettest month (precip. wettest; in mm); (13) amount of precipitation on the driest month (precip. driest; in mm); (14) mean annual temperature (in °C); (15) standard deviation of temperature (temp. seasonality; in °C); (16) annual maximum temperature (in °C); (17) soil clay content (in %); and (18) soil water content (in %). </p>
Data from: Effects of soil type and light on height growth, biomass partitioning, and nitrogen dynamics on 22 species of tropical dry forest tree seedlings: comparisons between legumes and nonlegumes
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The seedling stage is particularly vulnerable to resource limitation, with potential consequences for community composition. We investigated how light and soil variation affected early growth, biomass partitioning, morphology, and physiology of 22 tree species common in tropical dry forest, including eight legumes. Our hypothesis was that legume seedlings are better at taking advantage of increased resource availability, which contributes to their successful regeneration in tropical dry forests. METHODS: We grew seedlings in a full-factorial design under two light levels in two soil types that differed in nutrient concentrations and soil moisture. We measured height biweekly and, at final harvest, biomass partitioning, internode segments, leaf carbon, nitrogen, δ 13 C, and δ 15 N. KEY RESULTS: Legumes initially grew taller and maintained that height advantage over time under all experimental conditions. Legumes also had the highest final total biomass and water-use efficiency in the high-light and high-resource soil. For nitrogen-fixing legumes, the amount of nitrogen derived from fixation was highest in the richer soil. Although seed mass tended to be larger in legumes, seed size alone did not account for all the differences between legumes and nonlegumes. Both belowground and aboveground resources were limiting to early seedling growth and function. CONCLUSIONS: Legumes may have a different regeneration niche, in that they germinate rapidly and grow taller than other species immediately after germination, maximizing their performance when light and belowground resources are readily available, and potentially permitting them to take advantage of high light, nutrient, and water availability at the beginning of the wet season.
Liana-induced tree height reduction limits carbon storage and growth in a tropical forest in Panama
<p>Subset of data and script used in the paper titled 'Lianas reduce tree height with negative consequences for carbon storage and growth estimates'</p>
Drought timing and species growth phenology determine intra-annual recovery of tree height and diameter growth
<p>These are the data reported in van Kampen et al. (2022) "Drought timing and species growth phenology determine intra-annual recovery of tree height and diameter growth" published in AoB Plants. They describe patterns of height and diameter growth for saplings of six tree species undergoing experimental drought conditions at different times of year. </p>
Combining climatic and genomic data improves range-wide tree height growth prediction in a forest tree
<p>Population response functions based on climatic and phenotypic data from common gardens have long been the gold standard for predicting quantitative trait variation in new environments. However, prediction accuracy might be enhanced by incorporating genomic information that captures the neutral and adaptive processes behind intra-population genetic variation. We used five clonal common gardens containing 34 provenances (523 genotypes) of maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em> Aiton) to determine whether models combining climatic and genomic data capture the underlying drivers of height-growth variation, and thus improve predictions at large geographical scales. The plastic component explained most of the height-growth variation, probably resulting from population responses to multiple environmental factors. The genetic component stemmed mainly from climate adaptation, and the distinct demographic and selective histories of the different maritime pine gene pools. Models combining climate-of-origin and gene pool of the provenances, and positive-effect height-associated alleles (PEAs) captured most of the genetic component of height-growth and better predicted new provenances compared to the climate-based population response functions. Regionally-selected PEAs were better predictors than globally-selected PEAs, showing high predictive ability in some environments, even when included alone in the models. These results are therefore promising for the future use of genome-based prediction of quantitative traits.</p>
Differential nutrient limitation and tree height control leaf physiology, supporting niche partitioning in tropical dipterocarp forests
<p><span>Revealing the mechanisms of environmental niche partitioning within lowland tropical forests is important for understanding the drivers of current species distributions and potential vulnerability to environmental change. Tropical forest structure and species composition change across edaphic gradients in Borneo over short distances. However, our understanding of how edaphic conditions affect tree physiology and whether these relationships drive niche partitioning within Bornean forests remains incomplete. </span></p> <p><span>This study evaluated how leaf physiological function changes with nutrient availability across a fine-scale edaphic gradient and whether these relationships vary according to tree height. Furthermore, we tested whether intraspecific leaf trait variation allows generalist species to populate a wider range of environments.</span></p> <p><span>We measured leaf traits of 218 trees ranging in height from 4 to 66 m from 13 dipterocarp species within four tropical forest types (alluvial, mudstone, sandstone, kerangas) occurring along an < 5km edaphic gradient in North Borneo. The traits measured included saturating photosynthesis (<em>A</em><sub>sat</sub>), maximum photosynthetic capacity (<em>V</em><sub>cmax</sub>), leaf dark respiration (<em>R</em><sub>leaf</sub>), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf thickness, minimum stomatal conductance (<em>g</em><sub>dark</sub>) and leaf nutrient concentrations (N, P, Ca, K, Mg). </span></p> <p><span>Across all species, leaf traits varied consistently in response to soil nutrient availability across forest types except <em>R</em><sub>leaf_mass</sub>, [<em>Mg</em>]<sub>leaf</sub> and [<em>Ca</em>]<sub>leaf</sub>. Changes in photosynthesis and respiration rates were related to different leaf nutrients across forest types, with greater nutrient-use efficiency in more nutrient-poor environments. Generalist species partially or fully compensated reductions in mass-based photosynthesis through increasing LMA in more nutrient-poor environments. </span></p> <p><span>Leaf traits also varied with tree height, except <em>V</em><sub>cmax_mass</sub>, but only in response to height-related modifications of leaf morphology (LMA and leaf thickness). These height-trait relationships did not vary across the edaphic gradient, except for <em>A</em><sub>sat</sub>, [<em>N</em>]leaf, [<em>P</em>]<sub>leaf</sub> and [<em>K</em>]<sub>leaf</sub>. </span></p> <p><span>Our results highlight that modification of leaf physiological function and morphology act as important adaptations for Bornean dipterocarps in response to edaphic and vertical environmental gradients. Meanwhile, multiple nutrients appear to contribute to niche partitioning and could drive species distributions and high biodiversity within Bornean forest landscapes.</span></p>
Data from: Scaling of leaf area with biomass in trees reconsidered: Constant metabolically active sapwood volume per unit leaf area with height growth
<p>Hypoallometric (slope<1) scaling between metabolic rate and body mass is often regarded as near-universal across organisms. However, there are compelling reasons to question hypoallometric scaling in woody plants, where metabolic rate=leaf area. This leaf area must provide carbon to the metabolically active sapwood volume (VMASW). Within populations of a species, variants in which VMASW increases per unit leaf area with height growth (e.g. ⅔ or ¾ scaling) would have proportionally less carbon for growth and reproduction as they grow taller. Therefore, selection should favor individuals in which, as they grow taller, leaf area scales isometrically with shoot VMASW (slope=1). Using tetrazolium staining, we measured total VMASW and total leaf area (LAtot) across 22 individuals of Ricinus communis and confirmed that leaf area scales isometrically with VMASW, and that VMASW is much smaller than total sapwood volume. With the potential of the LAtot-VMASW relationship to shape factors as diverse as the crown area-stem diameter relationship, conduit diameter scaling, reproductive output, and drought-induced mortality, our work suggests that the notion that sapwood increases per unit leaf area with height growth requires revision.</p>
Enhancing High-Resolution Forest Stand Mean Height Mapping in China through an Individual Tree-Based Approach with Close-Range LiDAR Data
<p><span>We</span> have developed a tree-based approach to create spatially continuous forest stand mean height maps across China through integrating high-<span>point</span> density, high-precision close-range LiDAR data and multisource remote sensing data. The accuracy analysis of the arithmetic mean height (Ha) and the weighted mean height (Hw) demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method. A practical framework for forestry investigation based on close-range LiDAR was proposed. The mean values of Ha and Hw are 13.3 ± 3.3 m 11.3 ± 2.9 m on pixel level, respectively. Validation based on LiDAR and field sample data shows that the RMSE values, range from 2.6 to 4.1 m for Ha and 2.9 to 4.3 m for Hw, respectively, indicating that our approach outperforms existing forest canopy height maps derived from area-based approaches. Hopefully, our methods and maps will serve as a foundation for estimating carbon storage, monitoring changes in forest structure, managing forest inventory, and assessing wildlife habitat availability. </p>
Is tree age or tree size reducing height increment in Abies alba Mill. at its southernmost distribution limit?
<p>Many factors limit height increment of trees when age and size increase in large-statured tree species. Height-diameter allometric relationships are commonly used measures of tree growth.</p> <p>The data were collected in a silver fir forest located in Southern Italy, at the southernmost distribution limit for this species. Through a stratified random sampling, 100 trees were selected. All the selected trees were then felled and the total tree height, height increments (internode distances), diameter at breast height, and diameter increments (ring widths) were measured.</p> <p>Conventional methods for estimating the current annual increment of stand volume are based on the uncertain assumption that height increment decreases with tree age. Conversely, size, rather than age, should be accounted for the observed senescence-related declines in relative growth rate and, consequently, implemented in silvicultural manuals. Results stem from a study on Abies alba Mill. at its southern limit of distribution.</p>
Data from: Axial conduit widening, tree height and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood
<p><span>The size-related xylem adjustments required to maintain</span><span> a constant leaf-specific sapwood conductance (<em>K<sub>LEAF</sub></em>) with increasing height (<em>H</em>) are still under discussion. Alternative hypotheses are that: (i) the conduit hydraulic diameter (<em>Dh</em>) at any position in the stem and/or (ii) the number of sapwood rings at stem base (<em>NSWr</em>) increase with <em>H.</em> In addition, (iii) lower stem elongation (</span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>) increases the tip-to-base conductance through inner xylem rings, thus possibly the <em>NSWr</em> contributing to <em>K<sub>LEAF</sub></em>.</span></p> <p><span>A detailed stem analysis showed that </span><em><span>Dh</span></em><span><em> </em>increased with the distance from the apex (<em>DCA</em>) in all rings of a <em>P. abies</em> and a <em>F. sylvatica</em> tree. Net of <em>DCA</em> effect, <em>Dh</em> did not increase with <em>H</em>. Using sapwood traits from a global dataset, <em>NSWr</em> increased with <em>H</em> and decreased with </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>, and the mean sapwood ring width (<em>SWrw</em>) increased with </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>. A numerical model based on anatomical patterns predicted the effects of <em>H</em> and </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span> on the conductance of inner xylem rings.</span></p> <p><span>Results suggested the sapwood/heartwood transition depends on both <em>H</em> and </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>, and is set when the C allocation to maintenance respiration of living cells in inner sapwood rings produces a lower gain in total conductance than investing the same C in new vascular conduits.</span></p>
Data to: Remotely sensed tree height and density explain global gliding vertebrate richness
<p>In vertebrates, gliding evolved as a mode of energy-efficient locomotion to move between trees. Gliding vertebrate richness is hypothesised to increase with tree height and decrease with tree density but empirical evidence for this is scarce, especially at a global scale. Here, we test the ability of tree height and density to explain species richness of gliding vertebrates globally compared to richness of all vertebrates, while controlling for biogeographical and climatic factors. We compiled a global database of 193 gliding amphibians, mammals and reptiles and created maps of species richness from extent-of-occurrence range maps. We paired species richness of gliding vertebrates with spatial estimates of global tree height and density and biogeographical regions as covariates to account for ecological differences among global regions. We used univariate linear and multivariate generalised linear mixed-effect models to evaluate relationships between species richness and tree height and density and the interaction between both. We found that richness of all gliding vertebrate species increased significantly with tree height, while results for richness of amphibians, mammals and reptiles alone indicated mixed responses, especially among different biogeographical regions. Mixed-effect models mirrored these results for richness of all species combined, while also revealing the mixed responses to tree height and density of richness of amphibians, mammals and reptiles. Richness of all vertebrate species – gliding and non-gliding – also increased with tree height and density but at a lesser rate than richness of gliding vertebrates indicating a greater influence of forest structure on richness patterns of gliding vertebrates. Our results support hypotheses stating that gliding in vertebrates globally evolved in tall forests as energy-efficient locomotion between trees and provide further evidence for the importance of forest structure to explain the distribution of gliding vertebrates.</p>
Data from: Modelling height–diameter relationships in living Araucaria (Araucariaceae) trees to reconstruct ancient araucarian conifer height
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Combining climatic and genomic data improves range-wide tree height growth prediction in a forest tree
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Drought timing and species growth phenology determine intra-annual recovery of tree height and diameter growth
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Influence of tree height and age on leaf drip-tip morphology in lowland tropical rain forest trees
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Data from: Scaling of leaf area with biomass in trees reconsidered: Constant metabolically active sapwood volume per unit leaf area with height growth
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Data to: Remotely sensed tree height and density explain global gliding vertebrate richness
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Allen Brain Atlas
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