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FIGURE 8. P. saguassu n in Two new species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae): synotopy of a troglophilic and a troglobiotic species

FIGURE 8. P. saguassu n. sp., holotype male (ISLA 2266), micrographic images. A) gnatochilarium; B) Detail of the gnatochilarium. Abbreviations: Gu = gula; St = stipes; Me = mentum; Pme = pro-mentum; Ll = Laminae linguaies; Op = outer palpus; Ip = inner palpus. Scales bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm.

FIGURE 7. P. saguassu n in Two new species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae): synotopy of a troglophilic and a troglobiotic species

FIGURE 7. P. saguassu n. sp., holotype male (ISLA 2266), stereoscope images. Detail of anterior region;

FIGURE 3. P. ambuatinga n in Two new species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae): synotopy of a troglophilic and a troglobiotic species

FIGURE 3. P. ambuatinga n. sp., paratype male (ISLA 2272), SEM, antenna view. A) 5° and 6° antennomeres; B) Fifth antennomere with detail of aesthetascs; C) Last antennomere with detail of sensory cones. Abbreviations: Ae = aesthetascs; Sc = Sensory cones. Scales bars: A = 200 µm; B = 20 µm; C = 10 µm.

FIGURES 3–10 in Cave millipedes of the United States. XIII. A new, troglobiotic species of Austrotyla from Colorado (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Conotylidae)

FIGURES 3–10. Structures of male Austrotyla millipedes. Figs. 3–6. Austrotyla coloradensis. Fig. 3. Right third leg, posterior view. Fig. 4. Right fourth leg, posterior view. Fig. 5. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 6. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. Figs. 7–10. Austrotyla stephensoni. Fig. 7. Right third leg, posterior view. Fig 8. Right fourth leg, posterior view. Fig. 9. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 10. Posterior gonopods, anterior view.

FIGURES 1, 2 in Cave millipedes of the United States. XIII. A new, troglobiotic species of Austrotyla from Colorado (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Conotylidae)

FIGURES 1, 2. Field appearance of Austrotyla millipedes. Fig. 1. Austrotyla coloradensis, penult male. Fig. 2. Austrotyla stephensoni, mature male. Photograph by David Steinmann.

FIGURES 31–33 in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 31–33. (31) Left branch of the Areias de Cima cave; (32) Small travertine pools, the only place within the cave where the specimens of Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. were found; (33) Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the well preserved external vegetation of the Areias de Cima cave.

FIGURES 28–30 in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 28–30. (28) Schematic drawing of Areias de Cima cave, showing its division in two conduits, interconnected near the entrance; (29) Detail of the eastern branch of the system in Areias de Cima cave; the red star indicates the place where the specimens of Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. were collected; (30) Distribution map showing the places of occurrence of the six troglobiotic species of Hyalella.

FIGURES 13–18. Hyalella epikarstica n in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 13–18. Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. paratype male (CCUFLA 0344), Mean body lenght: 3.1 ± 0.85 mm, mean head length: 0.26 mm ± 0.1 mm. (13) Peraeopod 3; (14) Peraeopod 4; (15) Peraeopod 5; (16) Peraeopod 6; (17) Peraeopod 7; (18) Maxilliped. Scales: (13–18) represents 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 9–12. Hyalella epikarstica n in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 9–12. Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. paratype male (CCUFLA 0344), Mean body lenght: 3.1 ± 0.85 mm, mean head length: 0.26 mm ± 0.1 mm. (9) Gnathopod 1; (10) Gnathopod 1 propodus and dactylus; (11) Gnathopod 2; (12) Gnathopod 2 propodus and dactylus. Scales: (9–12) represents 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 24–27. Hyalella epikarstica n in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 24–27. Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. allotype female (CCUFLA 0344), body length = 4.79 mm, head length = 0.46 mm. (24) Gnathopod 1; (25) Gnathopod 1 propodus and dactylus; (26) Gnathopod 2; (27) Gnathopod 2 propodus and dactylus. Scales: (24–27) represents 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 1–8. Hyalella epikarstica n in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 1–8. Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. paratype male (CCUFLA 0344), Mean body lenght: 3.1 ± 0.85 mm, mean head length: 0.26 mm ± 0.1 mm. (1) Habitus from holotype (MNRJ 24771), body length = 3.95 mm, head length = 0.36 mm; (2) Antenna 1; (3) Antenna 2; (4) Upper lip; (5); Mandible (6) Lower lip; (7) Maxilla 1; (8) Maxilla 2. Scales: (1) represents 1 mm; (2–4) represents 0.2 mm; (5–6) represents 0.05 mm; (7–8) represents 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 19–23. Hyalella epikarstica n in A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species

FIGURES 19–23. Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. paratype male (CCUFLA 0344), Mean body lenght: 3.1 ± 0.85 mm, mean head length: 0.26 mm ± 0.1 mm. (19) Pleopod; (20) Uropod 1; (21) Uropod 2; (22) Uropod 3; (23) Telson. Scales: (19) represents 0.2 mm; (20–23) represents 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 33–35 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURES 33–35. Eukoenenia cavatica sp. n. 33, Limestone outcrop in which Cazanga cave is located (note that original vegetation only remains near the outcrop); 34 and 35, live specimen.

FIGURE 32 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURE 32. Eukoenenia cavatica sp. n. First lobe of male genitalia. Scale bars: 50 µm (photograph) and 100 µm (drawing).

FIGURE 9. Tarsus 3 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURE 9. Tarsus 3 of leg 1 of the new species showing the modified setae (rs = rod seta, fs = forked seta, m = macroseta). A, Eukoenenia jequitinhonha sp. n.; B, Eukoenenia cavatica sp. n. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIGURES 19–26 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURES 19–26. Eukoenenia cavatica sp. n. 19, lateral organ, dorsal view; 20, deuto-tritosternal setae; 21, propeltidial chaetotaxy; 22, chelicera; 23, coxa I; 24, coxa II; 25, coxa III; 26, coxa IV Arrows in Figs 24–26 indicate thick setae. Scale bars: 20 µm (Figs 19–20), 80 µm (Figs 24–25), 100 µm (Figs 23, 26), 150 µm (Fig. 22), 250 µm (Fig. 21).

FIGURES 2–8 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURES 2–8. Eukoenenia jequitinhonha sp. n. 2, lateral organ, dorsal view; 3, propeltidial chaetotaxy; 4, deuto-tritosternal setae; 5, coxa I; 6, coxa II; 7, coxa III; 8, coxa IV. Arrows in Figs 6–8 indicate thick setae. Scale bars: 20 µm (Fig. 2), 40 µm (Fig. 4), 100 µm (Figs 5–8), 250 µm (Fig. 3).

FIGURES 27–31 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURES 27–31. Eukoenenia cavatica sp. n. 27, basitarsi 3–4 of leg I; 28, basitarsus IV; 29, opisthosoma, ventral view; 30, first flagellar segment; 31, second and third lobes of male genitalia. Scale bars: 40 µm (Fig. 31), 100 µm (Fig. 28), 150 µm (Figs 27, 30), 500 µm (Fig. 29).

FIGURES 14–17 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURES 14–17. Eukoenenia jequitinhonha sp. n. 14, first lobe of female genitalia; 15, second lobe of female genitalia; 16, first and second genital lobes overlapped, showing the setae of the first lobe and the cuticular spines and the sclerotized parts of the spermatheca on the second lobe (delimited by the elliptical dashed lines); 17, second genital lobe, with the spermatheca indicated by the elliptical dashed line and the glandular pores indicated by the arrows. Scale bars: 50 µm (Figs 16–17), 60 µm (Fig. 15), 100 µm (Fig. 14).

FIGURES 10–13 in Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil

FIGURES 10–13. Eukoenenia jequitinhonha sp. n. 10, basitarsi 3–4 of leg I; 11, basitarsus IV; 12, opisthosoma, dorsal view; 13, opisthosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm (Figs 10–11), 500 µm (Figs 12–13).