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Fig. 16 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 16. Allokoenenia stygia sp. nov., ♀, paratype (MZSP 54249). A. Tarsus 3 of right pedipalp. B. Basitarsus of left leg IV. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 15 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 15. Allokoenenia stygia sp. nov., ♀, paratype (MZSP 54249), articles of left leg I. A. Basitarsus 3-tarsus 2. B. Tarsus 3. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B = 60 μm.

Fig. 19 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 19. Allokoenenia stygia sp. nov. A. Map of Brazil showing the placement of the Amazonia Biome, delimited in green, and of the SB_0114 and SB_0112 caves (in red). B–C. Inner portions of the single conduit that forms the SB_0114 cave, type locality of A. stygia sp. nov. D. Serra da Bocaina, with the placement of the two caves where the new species occurs indicated by a red star. E. Habitus of the paratype (MZSP 54249) under a stereo microcope before mounting. F. Landscape in the surroundings of Serra da Bocaina, showing the presence of pastures. G. Plan view of SB_0114 cave (type locality), showing the palpigrade collecting site (red star).

Fig. 18 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 18. Allokoenenia stygia sp. nov., ♀, paratype (MZSP 54249). A–B. First and second lobes of female genitalia, respectively. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 50 μm. Dotted circles and elipses represent cuticular orifices.

Fig. 8 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 8. Allokoenenia canhembora sp. nov., ♀, holotype (ISLA 50394). A. Chaetotaxy of opisthosomal tergite III. B. Chaetotaxy of opisthosomal sternite VI. C. Opisthosomal segments VIII–XI. D. Flagellum. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A–B = 20 μm; C–D = 100 μm.

Fig. 12 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 12. Allokoenenia stygia sp. nov., ♀. A. Coxa of left pedipalp, holotype (MZSP 54247). B. Coxa of right leg I, paratype (MZSP 54249). C. Coxa of left leg II, holotype (MZSP 54247). D. Coxa of right leg III, paratype (MZSP 54249). E. Coxa of right leg IV, paratype (MZSP 54249). Scale bars = 60 μm. Thickened setae on coxae II, III and IV indicated by arrows.

Fig. 9 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 9. Allokoenenia canhembora sp. nov. A. Map of Brazil showing the placement of the Caatinga Biome, delimited in yellow, and of Toca do Gonçalo Cave (red dot), the type locality of A. canhembora sp. nov. B. Entrance of Toca do Gonçalo Cave and its surrounding landscape, characterized by the semiarid climate. C. Gallery of the lower level (right branch) of Toca do Gonçalo Cave, where individuals of A. canhembora sp. nov. were observed. D. Puddle of water inside the Gruta do Gonçalo Cave, with numerous calcite rafts on its surface. E. Area of the cave devoid of water with muddy substrate covered by many layers of calcite rafts. F–G. Live specimens photographed on a tray before being captured. H. Habitus of the specimen (ISLA 50395) captured in 2014 under a stereo microcope.

Fig. 1. Allokoenenia afra Silvestri, 1913. A. Opisthosomal segments VIII–XI in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 1. Allokoenenia afra Silvestri, 1913. A. Opisthosomal segments VIII–XI and first flagellar segment, ♀, typus. B. Flagellum (second to fourteenth flagellar segments), ♀, typus. C. Frontal organ, immature, cotypus. Scale bars: A–B = 100 μm; C = 10 μm.

Fig. 11 in Two extraordinary troglobitic species of Allokoenenia (Eukoeneniidae: Palpigradi) from Brazil: first records of this initially monotypic genus more than a century after its description

Fig. 11. Allokoenenia stygia sp. nov., ♀. A. Deutotritosternal setae, holotype (MZSP 54247). B. Proximal setae (p 1–p 6) on basal segment of chelicera (p 1 out of focus), holotype (MZSP 54247). C. Opisthosomal segments VII–XI, paratype (MZSP 54249). D. Proximal region of cheliceral hand showing the two thickened setae, holotype (MZSP 54247). E. Chaetotaxy of opisthosomal tergite IV, paratype (MZSP 54249). F. Chaetotaxy of opisthosomal sternite IV, paratype (MZSP 54249). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A–B = 30 μm; C = 100 μm; D = 35 μm; E–F = 20 μm.

Fig. 4 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 4. Female genitalia, Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov., paratype (ISLA 363). A. Gonocoxite 2, dorsal aspect. B. Female reproductive tract in dorsal aspect. Abbreviations: b = base of gonocoxite 2; bc = bursa copulatrix; bl = blade of gonocoxite 2; co = common oviduct; des = dorsal ensiform seta; gc1 = gonocoxite 1; gc2 = gonocoxite 2; lt = laterotergite; sg = spermathecal gland; sgd = spermathecal gland duct; sp = spermatheca; ves = ventral ensiform setae; mpp = marginal pit pegs Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 3. Male genitalia, Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 361). A. Median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view. B. Right paramere. C. Left paramere. D. Male gonosomite. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 1. Illustrations of Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 66143) A. Eye detail, lateral view. B. Hindwing detail, dorsal view. C. Habitus, dorsal view. D. Detailed (bs) elytral basal/scutellar seta, (dc) elytral aplical discal seta of the 4th and 5th striae joint and umbilicate setae series elytral 8th stria. Scale bars: A, D = 0.2 mm; B = 0.1 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 5. Geographic localization of P. (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. A. Éden cave, type locality. B. Perigona spelunca sp. nov. living specimen. C. Map of South America highlighting Brazil, Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Cerrado Biomes, Minas Gerais state and the municipalities of Arcos, Pains and Doresópolis; the black areas correspond to the limestone groups in South America; the red dots represent all caves registered in the highlighted municipalities; the red star corresponds to Éden cave type locality and the yellow stars correspond to the others caves where P. spelunca sp. nov. was found. D. A small guano pile at Santuário cave. E. Santuário cave. (Photographs A and D are by Robson de Almeida Zampaulo; B and E are by Rodrigo L. Ferreira).

Fig. 2 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 2. Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 66142). A. Head, lateral view. B. Antennae, detail. C. Prosternum. D. Elytral pores 3–5, detail. E. Elytra, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bs = elytral basal/scutellar seta; dc = elytral aplical discal seta; ep1–15 = elytral pores of setae 1–15 from the umbilical series; ls = antennal scape long setae; soa = supraorbital setae anterior; sop = supraorbital setae posterior; ts = antennal trichoid sensilla. Scale bars: A, C = 250 μm; B = 150 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 500 μm.

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Fig. 3 in A New Species Of Troglobitic Freshwater Prawn Of The Genus Macrobrachium From Southern China (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)

Fig. 3. Color photograph of Macrobrachium lingyunense, new species: paratype, female, cl 15.1 mm (ZRC 2005.0138).

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Fig. 2 in A New Species Of Troglobitic Freshwater Prawn Of The Genus Macrobrachium From Southern China (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)

Fig. 2. Macrobrachium lingyunense, new species: A, third maxilliped; B, first pereiopod; C, male major second pereiopod; D, third pereiopod; E, propodus and dactylus of third pereiopod; F, scaphocerite; G, telson, H, uropodal diaeresis. A, paratype, male, cl 12.8 mm (ZRC 2005.0138); B-H, paratype female, cl 15.1 mm (ZRC 2005.0138). Scale bars: A-D, F = 2 mm; E, H = 0.5 mm; G = 1 mm.

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Fig. 1 in A New Species Of Troglobitic Freshwater Prawn Of The Genus Macrobrachium From Southern China (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)

Fig. 1. Macrobrachium lingyunense, new species: A, cephalothorax; B, epistome; C, mandible; D, maxillula; E, maxilla; F, first maxilliped; G, second maxilliped; H, first two abdominal sterna with transverse ridge and median tooth. A, paratype, female, cl 15.1 mm (ZRC 2005.0138); B-H, paratype, male, cl 12.8 mm (ZRC 2005.0138). Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B-D, H = 0.5 mm; E-G = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 9 in GUILHERME C. PRADO & RODRIGO L. FERREIRA (2023) Three new troglobitic species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from northeastern Brazil Zootaxa, 5249 (1), 092-110.

FIGURE 9. Pseudochthonius pali sp. nov. A Google cave region. Satellite view B Google cave general aspect C Live male holotype D Live female paratype.

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FIGURE 10 in GUILHERME C. PRADO & RODRIGO L. FERREIRA (2023) Three new troglobitic species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from northeastern Brazil Zootaxa, 5249 (1), 092-110.

FIGURE 10. Ecological impacts to the subterranean habitat A Deforestation near cave entrance B Vegetal coal furnace.